Can modules have properties the same way that objects can?

问题

With python properties, I can make it such that

obj.y 

calls a function rather than just returning a value.

Is there a way to do this with modules? I have a case where I want

module.y 

to call a function, rather than just returning the value stored there.

回答1:

Only instances of new-style classes can have properties. You can make Python believe such an instance is a module by stashing it in sys.modules[thename] = theinstance. So, for example, your m.py module file could be:

import sys

class _M(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.c = 0
    def afunction(self):
        self.c += 1
        return self.c
    y = property(afunction)

sys.modules[__name__] = _M()

回答2:

I would do this in order to properly inherit all the attributes of a module, and be correctly identified by isinstance()

import types

class MyModule(types.ModuleType):
    @property
    def y(self):
        return 5


>>> a=MyModule("test")
>>> a
<module 'test' (built-in)>
>>> a.y
5

And then you can insert this into sys.modules:

sys.modules[__name__] = MyModule(__name__)  # remember to instantiate the class

回答3:

As PEP 562 has been implemented in Python >= 3.7, now we can do this

file: module.py

def __getattr__(name):
    if name == 'y':
        return 3
    raise AttributeError(f"module '{__name__}' has no attribute '{name}'")

other = 4

usage:

>>> import module
>>> module.y
3
>>> module.other
4
>>> module.nosuch
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "module.py", line 4, in __getattr__
    raise AttributeError(f"module '{__name__}' has no attribute '{name}'")
AttributeError: module 'module' has no attribute 'nosuch'

Note that if you omit the raise AttributeError in the __getattr__ function, it means the function ends with return None, then the module.nosuch will get a value of None.

回答4:

A typical use case is: enriching a (huge) existing module with some (few) dynamic attributes - without turning all module stuff into a class layout. Unfortunately a most simple module class patch like sys.modules[__name__].__class__ = MyPropertyModule fails with TypeError: __class__ assignment: only for heap types. So module creation needs to be rewired.

This approach does it without Python import hooks, just by having some prolog on top of the module code:

# propertymodule.py
""" Module property example """

if '__orgmod__' not in globals():

    # constant prolog for having module properties / supports reload()

    print "PropertyModule stub execution", __name__
    import sys, types
    class PropertyModule(types.ModuleType):
        def __str__(self):
            return "<PropertyModule %r from %r>" % (self.__name__, self.__file__)
    modnew = PropertyModule(__name__, __doc__)
    modnew.__modclass__ = PropertyModule        
    modnew.__file__ = __file__
    modnew.__orgmod__ = sys.modules[__name__]
    sys.modules[__name__] = modnew
    exec sys._getframe().f_code in modnew.__dict__

else:

    # normal module code (usually vast) ..

    print "regular module execution"
    a = 7

    def get_dynval(module):
        return "property function returns %s in module %r" % (a * 4, module.__name__)    
    __modclass__.dynval = property(get_dynval)

Usage:

>>> import propertymodule
PropertyModule stub execution propertymodule
regular module execution
>>> propertymodule.dynval
"property function returns 28 in module 'propertymodule'"
>>> reload(propertymodule)   # AFTER EDITS
regular module execution
<module 'propertymodule' from 'propertymodule.pyc'>
>>> propertymodule.dynval
"property function returns 36 in module 'propertymodule'"

Note: Something like from propertymodule import dynval will produce a frozen copy of course - corresponding to dynval = someobject.dynval

回答5:

Based on John Lin's answer:

def module_property(func):
    """Decorator to turn module functions into properties.
    Function names must be prefixed with an underscore."""
    module = sys.modules[func.__module__]

    def base_getattr(name):
        raise AttributeError(
            f"module '{module.__name__}' has no attribute '{name}'")

    old_getattr = getattr(module, '__getattr__', base_getattr)

    def new_getattr(name):
        if f'_{name}' == func.__name__:
            return func()
        else:
            return old_getattr(name)

    module.__getattr__ = new_getattr
    return func

Usage (note the leading underscore), in the_module.py:

@module_property
def _thing():
    return 'hello'

Then:

import the_module

print(the_module.thing)  # prints 'hello'

The leading underscore is necessary to differentiate the property-ized function from the original function. I couldn't think of a way to reassign the identifier, since during the time of the decorator execution, it has not been assigned yet.

Note that IDEs won't know that the property exists and will show red wavies.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/880530/can-modules-have-properties-the-same-way-that-objects-can