问题
I'm working with 2D geographical data. I have a long list of contour paths. Now I want to determine for every point in my domain inside how many contours it resides (i.e. I want to compute the spatial frequency distribution of the features represented by the contours).
To illustrate what I want to do, here's a first very naive implementation:
import numpy as np
from shapely.geometry import Polygon, Point
def comp_frequency(paths,lonlat):
"""
- paths: list of contour paths, made up of (lon,lat) tuples
- lonlat: array containing the lon/lat coordinates; shape (nx,ny,2)
"""
frequency = np.zeros(lonlat.shape[:2])
contours = [Polygon(path) for path in paths]
# Very naive and accordingly slow implementation
for (i,j),v in np.ndenumerate(frequency):
pt = Point(lonlat[i,j,:])
for contour in contours:
if contour.contains(pt):
frequency[i,j] += 1
return frequency
lon = np.array([
[-1.10e+1,-7.82+0,-4.52+0,-1.18+0, 2.19e+0,5.59e+0,9.01+0,1.24+1,1.58+1,1.92+1,2.26+1],
[-1.20e+1,-8.65+0,-5.21+0,-1.71+0, 1.81e+0,5.38e+0,8.97+0,1.25+1,1.61+1,1.96+1,2.32+1],
[-1.30e+1,-9.53+0,-5.94+0,-2.29+0, 1.41e+0,5.15e+0,8.91+0,1.26+1,1.64+1,2.01+1,2.38+1],
[-1.41e+1,-1.04+1,-6.74+0,-2.91+0, 9.76e-1,4.90e+0,8.86+0,1.28+1,1.67+1,2.06+1,2.45+1],
[-1.53e+1,-1.15+1,-7.60+0,-3.58+0, 4.98e-1,4.63e+0,8.80+0,1.29+1,1.71+1,2.12+1,2.53+1],
[-1.66e+1,-1.26+1,-8.55+0,-4.33+0,-3.00e-2,4.33e+0,8.73+0,1.31+1,1.75+1,2.18+1,2.61+1],
[-1.81e+1,-1.39+1,-9.60+0,-5.16+0,-6.20e-1,3.99e+0,8.66+0,1.33+1,1.79+1,2.25+1,2.70+1],
[-1.97e+1,-1.53+1,-1.07+1,-6.10+0,-1.28e+0,3.61e+0,8.57+0,1.35+1,1.84+1,2.33+1,2.81+1],
[-2.14e+1,-1.69+1,-1.21+1,-7.16+0,-2.05e+0,3.17e+0,8.47+0,1.37+1,1.90+1,2.42+1,2.93+1],
[-2.35e+1,-1.87+1,-1.36+1,-8.40+0,-2.94e+0,2.66e+0,8.36+0,1.40+1,1.97+1,2.52+1,3.06+1],
[-2.58e+1,-2.08+1,-1.54+1,-9.86+0,-3.99e+0,2.05e+0,8.22+0,1.44+1,2.05+1,2.65+1,3.22+1]])
lat = np.array([
[ 29.6, 30.3, 30.9, 31.4, 31.7, 32.0, 32.1, 32.1, 31.9, 31.6, 31.2],
[ 32.4, 33.2, 33.8, 34.4, 34.7, 35.0, 35.1, 35.1, 34.9, 34.6, 34.2],
[ 35.3, 36.1, 36.8, 37.3, 37.7, 38.0, 38.1, 38.1, 37.9, 37.6, 37.1],
[ 38.2, 39.0, 39.7, 40.3, 40.7, 41.0, 41.1, 41.1, 40.9, 40.5, 40.1],
[ 41.0, 41.9, 42.6, 43.2, 43.7, 44.0, 44.1, 44.0, 43.9, 43.5, 43.0],
[ 43.9, 44.8, 45.6, 46.2, 46.7, 47.0, 47.1, 47.0, 46.8, 46.5, 45.9],
[ 46.7, 47.7, 48.5, 49.1, 49.6, 49.9, 50.1, 50.0, 49.8, 49.4, 48.9],
[ 49.5, 50.5, 51.4, 52.1, 52.6, 52.9, 53.1, 53.0, 52.8, 52.4, 51.8],
[ 52.3, 53.4, 54.3, 55.0, 55.6, 55.9, 56.1, 56.0, 55.8, 55.3, 54.7],
[ 55.0, 56.2, 57.1, 57.9, 58.5, 58.9, 59.1, 59.0, 58.8, 58.3, 57.6],
[ 57.7, 59.0, 60.0, 60.8, 61.5, 61.9, 62.1, 62.0, 61.7, 61.2, 60.5]])
lonlat = np.dstack((lon,lat))
paths = [
[(-1.71,34.4),(1.81,34.7),(5.15,38.0),(4.9,41.0),(4.63,44.0),(-0.03,46.7),(-4.33,46.2),(-9.6,48.5),(-8.55,45.6),(-3.58,43.2),(-2.91,40.3),(-2.29,37.3),(-1.71,34.4)],
[(0.976,40.7),(-4.33,46.2),(-0.62,49.6),(3.99,49.9),(4.33,47.0),(4.63,44.0),(0.976,40.7)],
[(2.9,55.8),(2.37,56.0),(8.47,56.1),(3.17,55.9),(-2.05,55.6),(-1.28,52.6),(-0.62,49.6),(4.33,47.0),(8.8,44.1),(2.29,44.0),(2.71,43.9),(3.18,46.5),(3.25,49.4),(3.33,52.4),(2.9,55.8)],
[(2.25,35.1),(2.26,38.1),(8.86,41.1),(5.15,38.0),(5.38,35.0),(9.01,32.1),(2.25,35.1)]]
frequency = comp_frequency(paths,lonlat)
Of course this is about as inefficiently written as possible, with all the explicit loops, and accordingly takes forever.
How can I do this efficiently?
Edit: Added some sample data on request. Note that my real domain is 150**2 larger (in terms of resolution), as I've created the sample coordinates by slicing the original arrays: lon[::150].
回答1:
If your input polygons are actually contours, then you're better off working directly with your input grids than calculating contours and testing if a point is inside them.
Contours follow a constant value of gridded data. Each contour is a polygon enclosing areas of the input grid greater than that value.
If you need to know how many contours a given point is inside, it's faster to sample the input grid at the point's location and operate the returned "z" value. The number of contours that it's inside can be extracted directly from it if you know what values you created contours at.
For example:
import numpy as np
from scipy.interpolate import RegularGridInterpolator
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# One of your input gridded datasets
y, x = np.mgrid[-5:5:100j, -5:5:100j]
z = np.sin(np.hypot(x, y)) + np.hypot(x, y) / 10
contour_values = [-1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2]
# A point location...
x0, y0 = np.random.normal(0, 2, 2)
# Visualize what's happening...
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
cont = ax.contourf(x, y, z, contour_values, cmap='gist_earth')
ax.plot([x0], [y0], marker='o', ls='none', color='salmon', ms=12)
fig.colorbar(cont)
# Instead of working with whether or not the point intersects the
# contour polygons we generated, we'll turn the problem on its head:
# Sample the grid at the point location
interp = RegularGridInterpolator((x[0,:], y[:,0]), z)
z0 = interp([x0, y0])
# How many contours would the point be inside?
num_inside = sum(z0 > c for c in contour_values)[0]
ax.set(title='Point is inside {} contours'.format(num_inside))
plt.show()
回答2:
So meanwhile I've found a good solution thanks to a colleague who's implemented something similar at some point (based on this blog post).
Old, very slow approach using shapely
First, here's my reference implementation using shapely, which is just a somewhat refined version of my first "naive" approach in the opening post. It is easy to understand and works, but is really slow.
import numpy as np
from shapely.geometry import Polygon, Point
def spatial_contour_frequency_shapely(paths,lon,lat):
frequency = np.zeros(lon.shape)
contours = [Polygon(path) for path in paths]
for (i,j),v in np.ndenumerate(frequency):
pt = Point([lon[i,j],lat[i,j]])
for contour in contours:
if contour.contains(pt):
frequency[i,j] += 1
return frequency
New, very fast solution using PIL
My (almost-) final solution doesn't use shapely anymore, but instead uses image manipulation techniques from PIL (Python Imaging Library). This solution is much, much, much faster, although in this form only for regular, rectangular grids (see comment below).
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
def _spatial_contour_frequency_pil(paths,lon,lat,regular_grid=False,
method_ind=None):
def get_indices(points,lon,lat,tree=None,regular=False):
def get_indices_regular(points,lon,lat):
lon,lat = lon.T,lat.T
def _get_ij(lon,lat,x,y):
lon0 = lon[0,0]
lat0 = lat[0,0]
lon1 = lon[-1,-1]
lat1 = lat[-1,-1]
nx,ny = lon.shape
dx = (lon1-lon0)/nx
dy = (lat1-lat0)/ny
i = int((x-lon0)/dx)
j = int((y-lat0)/dy)
return i,j
return [_get_ij(lon,lat,x,y) for x,y in points]
def get_indices_irregular(points,tree,shape):
dist,idx = tree.query(points,k=1)
ind = np.column_stack(np.unravel_index(idx,lon.shape))
return [(i,j) for i,j in ind]
if regular:
return get_indices_regular(points,lon,lat)
return get_indices_irregular(points,tree,lon.T.shape)
tree = None
if not regular_grid:
lonlat = np.column_stack((lon.T.ravel(),lat.T.ravel()))
tree = sp.spatial.cKDTree(lonlat)
frequency = np.zeros(lon.shape)
for path in paths:
path_ij = get_indices(path,lon,lat,tree=tree,regular=regular_grid)
raster_poly = Image.new("L",lon.shape,0)
rasterize = ImageDraw.Draw(raster_poly)
rasterize.polygon(path_ij,1)
mask = sp.fromstring(raster_poly.tobytes(),'b')
mask.shape = raster_poly.im.size[1],raster_poly.im.size[0]
frequency += mask
return frequency
It should be noted that the result of these two approaches is not exaclty the same. The features identified with the PIL-approach are slightly larger than those identified with the shapely approach, but really one is not better than the other.
Timings
Here are some timings created with a reduced data set (not the semi-artificial example data from the opening post, though):
spatial_contour_frequency/shapely : 191.8843
spatial_contour_frequency/pil : 0.3287
spatial_contour_frequency/pil-tree-inside : 2.3629
spatial_contour_frequency/pil-regular_grid : 0.3276
The most time-consuming step is finding the indices on the irregular lon/lat grid of the contour points. The most time-consumin part thereof is the construction of the cKDTree, which is why I've moved it out of get_indices. To put this into perspective, pil-tree-inside is the version where the tree is created inside of get_indices. pil-regular-grid is with regular_grid=True, which, for my data set, yields wrong results, but gives an ides of how fast this would run on a regular grid.
Overall now I've managed to pretty much eliminate the effect of the non-regular grid (pil vs. pil-regular-grid), which is all I could hope for in the beginning! :)
回答3:
def comp_frequency_lc(paths,lonlat):
import operator
frequency = np.zeros(lonlat.shape[:2])
contours = [Polygon(path) for path in paths]
for (i,j),v in np.ndenumerate(frequency):
pt = Point(lonlat[i,j,:])
[
operator.setitem(frequency,(i,j),
operator.getitem(frequency,(i,j))+1)
for contour in contours if contour.contains(pt)
]
return frequency
print(comp_frequency(paths,lonlat))
**result in**:
[[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 1. 2. 2. 2.]
[ 0. 1. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[ 0. 2. 0. 0. 2. 0. 0. 2. 2. 2. 1.]
[ 0. 2. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 2.]
[ 0. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 2. 1. 1.]
[ 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]]
here are the results from timing.... where comp_frequency_lc is one that uses list comprehension
# 10000 runs
# comp_frequency 185.10419257196094
# comp_frequency_lc 124.42639064462102
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32845601/count-how-often-each-field-point-is-inside-a-contour