Python class inherited singleton inits instance on every call

问题

I'm trying to implement class inherited singleton as described here (Method 2). Going over the question and the extensive chosen answer I tried to implement the following:

class Singleton(object):
    _instance = None

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not isinstance(cls._instance, cls):
            cls._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
            cls._instance._initialized = False

        return cls._instance

class A(Singleton):
    def __init__(self):
        print "Init is called"

class B(Singleton):
    def __init__(self):
        print "Init is called"

As you may guess, whenever I create Class A I get the same object, but __init__ is called. This is problematic as the Class A can have all it's members changed due to this.

Doing:

a1 = A()
a2 = A()
print a1 == a2

Will result in:

>> Init is called
>> Init is called
>> True

This question poses a similar issue but I would prefer not to use the solution there as it doesn't include the inheritance and I have at least 2 classes that needs the Singleton inheritance. I tried to implement the solution here but it didn't work. The solution here works but it involves changing Class A and Class B which I would prefer not to.

Is there a way to change the Singleton implementation so that __init__ won't be called on every creation? (I can't use metaclasses as both A and B inherit other classes e.g. abstract classes with their own metaclasses).

Thank you

回答1:

In modern Python this could be done by writting a __init_subclass__ method that could decorate __init__ to make it check cls._instance before running.

As it is, (i.e. you need it for Python 2 as well) - I think the simpler thing is for __new__ to patch __init__ with a NOP method if the instance already exists:


_nop_init = lambda self, *args, **kw: None

class Singleton(object):
    _instance = None

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not isinstance(cls._instance, cls):
            cls._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
            cls._instance._initialized = False
        # Python 2 have to check in the cls.__dict__ - Py3 could check the attribute directly:
        elif cls.__dict__.get("__init__", None) is not _nop_init:
            cls.__init__ = _nop_init
        return cls._instance

class A(Singleton):
    def __init__(self):
        print "Init is called"

class B(Singleton):
    def __init__(self):
        print "Init is called"

extra info The language mechanism to call __init__ is built-in the __call__ method of type - the metaclass for all classes in Python. It will call the __new__ and __init__ method of a target class when instantiating it, and thus, with a metaclass, it is easy to control these calls from a custom metaclass. It is also interesting to note that when __new__ does not return an instance of the target class, __init__ is not called. (In this singleton case, the singleton is an instance of te class, and thus it is called).

real world example: last time I coded a singleton, I opted for avoiding re-run __init__ in its own code - sine it is the only singleton in the project, tere was no need for generic code for that in a __new__: https://github.com/jsbueno/pythonchain/blob/1f9208dc8bd2741a574adc1bf745d218e4314e4a/pythonchain/block.py#L276

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59316642/python-class-inherited-singleton-inits-instance-on-every-call

标签

python

python-2.7

inheritance

singleton

metaclass