Avoiding disposing system-defined Pen and Brush instances

问题

I understand it is best practise to call Dispose() on instances of Pen and Brush, except if they've been set to the system-predefined values (eg. System.Drawing.Brushes, System.Drawing.Pens or System.Drawing.SystemBrushes)

Trying to dispose a system-defined resource results in an exception being thrown.

It doesn't appear to be obvious how you can detect (apart from wrapping the Dispose() call in a try/catch) whether one of these resources is referencing a system-defined or user-defined value.

回答1:

There is no requirement to call Dispose. The purpose of garbage collection is to eliminate these kinds of requirements.

One of the main purposes of IDisposable is to allow a class to clean up unmanaged resources in resource-limited environments. If you do not call the dispose method, the unmanaged resouces of the class will be cleaned up once the object is finialized and disposed during garbage collection.

If you "must" call dispose and you do not know if the brush instance is a "system-" or a "normal-" brush then you will have to use a try...catch block.

• It is not needed to call dispose on SystemBrushes and SystemPens because the GDI+ Library will take care of these resources.
• Okay to dispose of SystemFonts and SystemIcons.

The Remarks section of the class will make note of if there is a requirement to call the Dispose method. If the Remarks section recommends to call the Dispose method, then I will do it.

In general, I do not call dispose on pens and brushes. If I have a graphic-intensive application or class then I will cache instances of the pens and brushes I need. I use them throughout the life of the application or class. If I didn't do this then graphics painting performance will suffer trying to create and dispose all those ojects so many times and so frequently. (Hm...now that I think about it, performance is probably why we cannot dispose of SystemBrushes and SystemPens, yet can dispose of SystemFonts and SystemIcons. Even the framework caches SystemBrushes and SystemPens.)

回答2:

This is an old question I know, but I've been doing some research into resource leaks involving GDI objects, and almost every statement in the accepted answer is false. In the interests of accuracy for later readers who find this question via a search, as I did:

There is no requirement to call Dispose.

This statement is misleading. Though technically you can get away with not calling Dispose, it is an extremely poor practice to not dispose of a brush or pen that you own once you're done with it.

The reason is: there is a hard limit (set to ten thousand by default, though that can be increased via registry hacks) of the number of GDI objects that can be outstanding in a process -- not application domain, note -- and the garbage collector might not get around to finalizing resources faster than they are being leaked. Managed memory allocations produce collection pressure but there is no corresponding finalization pressure.

The purpose of garbage collection is to eliminate these kinds of requirements.

It is not. The purpose of garbage collection is to emulate an environment with arbitrarily much memory.

One of the main purposes of IDisposable is to allow a class to clean up unmanaged resources in resource-limited environments.

This is correct.

If you do not call the Dispose() method, the unmanaged resources of the class will be cleaned up once the object is finialized and disposed during garbage collection.

This is sometimes correct; it is correct for GDI objects. It is a good practice for classes which hold on to unmanaged resources to implement finalization semantics as a backstop; an extra layer of protection for people who follow the bad advice given in the accepted answer. You should not rely on finalizers to save you from your mistakes; you should dispose of your resources.

You should only rely on a finalizer to deal with crazy exceptional situations. Consider for example:

Brush myBrush = MakeMeABrush();
DoSomethingWithBrush(myBrush);
myBrush.Dispose();

Suppose a thread abort exception is thrown after the allocation of the brush but before the assignment to myBrush. No combination of try-catch-finally will enable you to clean up that brush via Dispose; you'll have to rely upon the finalizer. That's what the finalizer is for: the completely crazy situations where you cannot dispose yourself. It is not an excuse to be sloppy.

If you "must" call dispose and you do not know if the brush instance is a "system-" or a "normal-" brush then you will have to use a try...catch block.

Though this is again, technically correct, it misses the point completely. If you are in a situation where you do not know whether or not you own the brush then you have a bug in your program design. Do not paper over your bugs with a try-catch block! Fix the bug!

This situation is common to all explicitly-managed resources: the entity which provides the resource and the entity which consumes the resource are responsible for clearly documenting which of the two owns cleaning up the resource. If you don't know whether you own the brush that you've been given or not then someone isn't doing a task they were responsible to do, namely, preventing that situation from ever arising.

If the contract you decide upon is that the entity which provides the resource is responsible for cleaning it up later then your consumer shouldn't be disposing of the brush at all, because that is breaking the contract; the producer will clean that up if it needs to.

If the contract you decide upon is that both the producer and consumer are going to free the resource, then the consumer must call Clone on every brush passed in to ensure that they have a safely disposable resource, and that the producer continues to own a valid resource as well.

If, most likely, the contract you decide upon is that the entity which is consuming the resource is responsible for cleaning it up later then the provider is required to always hand you a brush that you can safely dispose, and is required to not dispose the resource itself. Since the provider knows whether they made the brush themselves or got it from the system, the provider must call Clone() on system brushes to obtain a brush that can be safely disposed, and then pass that to the consumer.

But the contract "no one cleans it up and we hope for the best" is a pretty poor contract.

It is not needed to call Dispose() on SystemBrushes and SystemPens because the GDI+ Library will take care of these resources.

This explanation is an explanation that doesn't actually explain anything. The reason why it is illegal to dispose of one of these brushes is because the lifetime of the brush is equal to the lifetime of the appdomain.

The Remarks section of the class will make note of if there is a requirement to call the Dispose method.

This statement is false. You should make the assumption that it is always necessary to Dispose an IDisposable resource unless you have good reason to believe otherwise. The absence of a line in the documentation is not evidence that disposing is unnecessary.

To end on a positive note:

If I have a graphic-intensive application or class then I will cache instances of the pens and brushes I need. I use them throughout the life of the application or class.

This is a good practice. If the number of brushes and pens created is relatively small and the same ones are being used over and over again, then it makes good sense to cache them permanently. Since their lifetimes are to the end of the program there is no need to dispose them. In this case we are not disposing the garbage because it's not garbage; it's useful. GDI objects that are not cached should of course still be disposed. Again, pursuing a caching strategy is not an excuse to engage in poor practices.

回答3:

When you are finished with a Graphics object that you create, you must dispose of it by calling its Dispose method. (This rule is true for many different GDI+ objects.) Don't keep it around for a rainy day because it won't be valid later. You must, must, must dispose of it when you are finished with it. If you don't, it could result in image corruption, memory usage issues, or worse yet, international armed conflict. So, please dispose of all Graphics objects properly.

If you create a Graphics object within an event, you really need to dispose of it before exiting that event handler. There is no guarantee that the Graphics object will still be valid in a later event. Besides, it's easy to re-create another Graphics object at any time.

Got from here http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/orm-9780596518431-01-18.aspx

回答4:

First of all, you always should Dispose of brushes when you can and not leave it up to the garbage collector. While GDI will eventually get around to taking care of that stuff (assuming the library gets shut down properly), there's no telling when that may be. In fact, my understanding is that brush handles stick around for the long-term. Over the course of a long-running application, you're looking at a de facto memory leak. Sure, in a small application that won't run for long, or in one that only rarely creates brushes, you can let the system handle it, but that strikes me as sloppy.

As a general rule, whenever I create a brush I do so in a using statement. That automatically calls dispose on the brush without having to worry about it. As an added bonus, since you create the brush inside the statement you know that it's not a predefined brush. Any time you create and use a non-predefined brush, wrap the block in a using and you don't have to worry about it at all. In fact, you don't even need to explicitly call Dispose, since the block will do so even in the case of an exception.

回答5:

Short answer is,.. if you create it, either delegate responsibility to clean up or clean the objects up yourselves. You can create GDI resource "leaks" by letting things hang in the garbage collector. They may eventually be cleaned up, but they are not doing any good hanging there. i.e. if you don't call "close" or Dispose on opened files, the file's remain locked until the GC "gets around to it"

回答6:

I could be wrong but I think you can assume that the lifetime (and the disposal) of the predefined brushes and pens is not your app's responsibility and will be handled by the system.

In short: don't call Dispose on the predefined stuff. :)

回答7:

Only thing come in mind is to have a practice do not use System pens/brushes as parameters to methods.

回答8:

Just for completeness, using Reflector I see that the System.Drawing.Pen and System.Drawing.SolidBrush classes have a private field named 'immutable'.

This field appears to be set to true when the object refers to a system-defined resource, so you could use reflection to carefully check the value of this field to decide whether to call Dispose() on it.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3200753/avoiding-disposing-system-defined-pen-and-brush-instances