问题
What are your favorite code snippets with ruby collections? Preferably they should be discovery for you, be expressive, readable and introduce some fun in your coding practice.
Pattern-matching in arrays (for local variables and parameters):
(a, b), c = [[:a, :b], :c]
[a,b,c]
=> [:a, :b, :c]
(a,), = [[:a]]
a
=> :a
Assigning from non-arrays to multiple variables:
abc, a, b =* "abc".match(/(a)(b)./)
=> ["abc", "a", "b"]
nil1, =* "abc".match(/xyz/)
=> []
Initialize array elements with the same expression:
5.times.map { 1 }
=> [1,1,1,1]
Array.new(5) { 1 }
=> [1,1,1,1,1]
Initialize array with the same value:
[2]*5
=>[2,2,2,2,2]
Array.new 5, 2
=>[2,2,2,2,2]
Sum elements of an array:
[1,2,3].reduce(0, &:+)
=> 6
Find all indices that match condition:
a.each_with_index.find_all { |e, i| some_predicate(e) }.map(&:last)
Alternate CSS classes:
(1..4).zip(%w[cls1 cls2].cycle)
=> [[1, "cls1"], [2, "cls2"], [3, "cls1"], [4, "cls2"]]
Unzipping:
keys, values = {a: 1, b: 2}.to_a.transpose
keys
=> [:a, :b]
Exploring boolean member methods of a string:
"".methods.sort.grep(/\?/)
Exploring string-specific methods:
"".methods.sort - [].methods
回答1:
Lazy Fibonacci series with memoization, taken from Neeraj Singh:
fibs = { 0 => 0, 1 => 1 }.tap do |fibs|
fibs.default_proc = ->(fibs, n) { fibs[n] = fibs[n-1] + fibs[n-2] }
end
fibs.take(10).map(&:last).each(&method(:puts))
An implementation of Counting Sort:
module Enumerable
def counting_sort(k)
reduce(Array.new(k+1, 0)) {|counting, n| counting.tap { counting[n] += 1 }}.
map.with_index {|count, n| [n] * count }.flatten
end
end
An implementation of sum aka prefix sum:
module Enumerable
def scan(initial=nil, sym=nil, &block)
args = if initial then [initial] else [] end
unless block_given?
args, sym, initial = [], initial, first unless sym
block = ->(acc, el) { acc.send(sym, el) }
end
[initial || first].tap {|res|
reduce(*args) {|acc, el|
block.(acc, el).tap {|e|
res << e
}
}
}
end
end
Here, I experimented with having Hash#each yield KeyValuePairs instead of two-element Arrays. It's quite surprising, how much code still works, after doing such a brutal monkey-patch. Yay, duck typing!
class Hash
KeyValuePair = Struct.new(:key, :value) do
def to_ary
return key, value
end
end
old_each = instance_method(:each)
define_method(:each) do |&blk|
old_each.bind(self).() do |k, v|
blk.(KeyValuePair.new(k, v))
end
end
end
Something I have been playing around with is making Enumerable#=== perform recursive structural pattern matching. I have no idea if this is in any way useful. I don't even know if it actually works.
module Enumerable
def ===(other)
all? {|el|
next true if el.nil?
begin
other.any? {|other_el| el === other_el }
rescue NoMethodError => e
raise unless e.message =~ /any\?/
el === other
end
}
end
end
Another thing I toyed around with recently was re-implementing all methods in Enumerable, but using reduce instead of each as the basis. In this case, I know it doesn't actually work properly.
module Enumerable
def all?
return reduce(true) {|res, el| break false unless res; res && el } unless block_given?
reduce(true) {|res, el| break false unless res; res && yield(el) }
end
def any?
return reduce(false) {|res, el| break true if res || el } unless block_given?
reduce(false) {|res, el| break true if res || yield(el) }
end
def collect
reduce([]) {|res, el| res << yield(el) }
end
alias_method :map, :collect
def count(item=undefined = Object.new)
return reduce(0) {|res, el| res + 1 if el == item } unless undefined.equal?(item)
unless block_given?
return size if respond_to? :size
return reduce(0) {|res, el| res + 1 }
end
reduce(0) {|res, el| res + 1 if yield el }
end
def detect(ifnone=nil)
reduce(ifnone) {|res, el| if yield el then el end unless res }
end
alias_method :find, :detect
def drop(n=1)
reduce([]) {|res, el| res.tap { res << el unless n -= 1 >= 0 }}
end
def drop_while
reduce([]) {|res, el| res.tap { res << el unless yield el }}
end
def each
tap { reduce(nil) {|_, el| yield el }}
end
def each_with_index
tap { reduce(-1) {|i, el| (i+1).tap {|i| yield el, i }}}
end
def find_all
reduce([]) {|res, el| res.tap {|res| res << el if yield el }}
end
alias_method :select, :find_all
def find_index(item=undefined = Object.new)
return reduce(-1) {|res, el| break res + 1 if el == item } unless undefined.equals?(item)
reduce(-1) {|res, el| break res + 1 if yield el }
end
def grep(pattern)
return reduce([]) {|res, el| res.tap {|res| res << el if pattern === el }} unless block_given?
reduce([]) {|res, el| res.tap {|res| res << yield(el) if pattern === el }}
end
def group_by
reduce(Hash.new {|hsh, key| hsh[key] = [] }) {|res, el| res.tap { res[yield el] = el }}
end
def include?(obj)
reduce(false) {|res, el| break true if res || el == obj }
end
def reject
reduce([]) {|res, el| res.tap {|res| res << el unless yield el }}
end
end
回答2:
Initialize multiple values from an array:
a = [1,2,3]
b, *c = a
assert_equal [b, c], [1, [2,3]]
d, = a
assert_equal d, a[0]
回答3:
My own are:
Initialize array elements with same expression:
5.times.map { some_expression }
Initialize array with same value:
[value]*5
Sum elements of an array:
[1,2,3].reduce(0, &:+)
Find all indices that match condition:
a.each_with_index.find_all { |e, i| some_predicate(e) }.map(&:last)
回答4:
Not really snippets, but I like these generic constructions (I show only how to use them, the implementation is easily found on the web).
Conversion Array -> Hash (to_hash or mash, the idea is the same, see Facets implementation):
>> [1, 2, 3].mash { |k| [k, 2*k] }
=> {1=>2, 2=>4, 3=>6}
Map + select/detect: You want to do a map and get only the first result (so a map { ... }.first would inefficient):
>> [1, 2, 3].map_select { |k| 2*k if k > 1 }
=> [4, 6]
>> [1, 2, 3].map_detect { |k| 2*k if k > 1 }
=> 4
Lazy iterations (lazy_map, lazy_select, ...). Example:
>> 1.upto(1e100).lazy_map { |x| 2 *x }.first(5)
=> [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
回答5:
Count the number of items that meet either one condition or another:
items.count do |item|
next true unless first_test?(item)
next true unless second_test?(item)
false
end
count means you don't have to do i = 0 and i += 1.
next means that you can finish that iteration of the block and still supply the answer, rather than hanging around until the end.
(If you wanted, you could replace the last two lines of the block with the single line ! second_test?(item), but that'd make it look messier)
回答6:
Exploring boolean member methods of a string:
"".methods.sort.grep(/\?/)
Exploring string-specific methods:
"".methods.sort - [].methods
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4317439/cool-tricks-and-expressive-snippets-with-ruby-collections-enumerables