问题
I've written a small python script that uses multiprocessing (See https://stackoverflow.com/a/41875711/1878788). It works when I test it:
$ ./forkiter.py
0
1
2
3
4
sum of x+1: 15
sum of 2*x: 20
sum of x*x: 30
But when I try to profile it with cProfile, I get the following:
$ python3.6 -m cProfile -o forkiter.prof ./forkiter.py
0
1
2
3
4
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/runpy.py", line 193, in _run_module_as_main
"__main__", mod_spec)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/runpy.py", line 85, in _run_code
exec(code, run_globals)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 160, in <module>
main()
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 153, in main
runctx(code, globs, None, options.outfile, options.sort)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 20, in runctx
filename, sort)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/profile.py", line 64, in runctx
prof.runctx(statement, globals, locals)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 100, in runctx
exec(cmd, globals, locals)
File "./forkiter.py", line 71, in <module>
exit(main())
File "./forkiter.py", line 67, in main
sum_tuples, results_generator))
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 699, in next
raise value
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 385, in _handle_tasks
put(task)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/connection.py", line 206, in send
self._send_bytes(_ForkingPickler.dumps(obj))
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/reduction.py", line 51, in dumps
cls(buf, protocol).dump(obj)
_pickle.PicklingError: Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
What happens?
Here is the script:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""This script tries to work around some limitations of multiprocessing."""
from itertools import repeat, starmap
from multiprocessing import Pool
from functools import reduce
from operator import add
from time import sleep
# Doesn't work because local functions can't be pickled:
# def make_tuple_func(funcs):
# def tuple_func(args_list):
# return tuple(func(args) for func, args in zip(funcs, args_list))
# return tuple_func
#
# test_tuple_func = make_tuple_func((plus_one, double, square))
class FuncApplier(object):
"""This kind of object can be used to group functions and call them on a
tuple of arguments."""
__slots__ = ("funcs", )
def __init__(self, funcs):
self.funcs = funcs
def __len__(self):
return len(self.funcs)
def __call__(self, args_list):
return tuple(func(args) for func, args in zip(self.funcs, args_list))
def fork_args(self, args_list):
"""Takes an arguments list and repeat them in a n-tuple."""
return tuple(repeat(args_list, len(self)))
def sum_tuples(*tuples):
"""Element-wise sum of tuple items."""
return tuple(starmap(add, zip(*tuples)))
# Can't define these functions in main:
# They wouldn't be pickleable.
def plus_one(x):
return x + 1
def double(x):
return 2 * x
def square(x):
return x * x
def main():
def my_generator():
for i in range(5):
print(i)
yield i
test_tuple_func = FuncApplier((plus_one, double, square))
with Pool(processes=5) as pool:
results_generator = pool.imap_unordered(
test_tuple_func,
(test_tuple_func.fork_args(args_list) for args_list in my_generator()))
print("sum of x+1:\t%s\nsum of 2*x:\t%s\nsum of x*x:\t%s" % reduce(
sum_tuples, results_generator))
exit(0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
exit(main())
Some pickling tests
Some research suggested me that sometimes objects needed a __setstate__ and __getstate__ methods to be picklable. This helps for some pickling protocols, but this doesn't seem to solve the problem in the cProfile case.
See the tests below.
The updated script:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""This script tries to work around some limitations of multiprocessing."""
from itertools import repeat, starmap
from multiprocessing import Pool
from functools import reduce
from operator import add
from time import sleep
import pickle
# Doesn't work because local functions can't be pickled:
# def make_tuple_func(funcs):
# def tuple_func(args_list):
# return tuple(func(args) for func, args in zip(funcs, args_list))
# return tuple_func
#
# test_tuple_func = make_tuple_func((plus_one, double, square))
class FuncApplier(object):
"""This kind of object can be used to group functions and call them on a
tuple of arguments."""
__slots__ = ("funcs", )
def __init__(self, funcs):
self.funcs = funcs
def __len__(self):
return len(self.funcs)
def __call__(self, args_list):
return tuple(func(args) for func, args in zip(self.funcs, args_list))
# Attempt to make it pickleable when under cProfile (doesn't help)
def __getstate__(self):
return self.funcs
def __setstate__(self, state):
self.funcs = state
def fork_args(self, args_list):
"""Takes an arguments list and repeat them in a n-tuple."""
return tuple(repeat(args_list, len(self)))
def sum_tuples(*tuples):
"""Element-wise sum of tuple items."""
return tuple(starmap(add, zip(*tuples)))
# Can't define these functions in main:
# They wouldn't be pickleable.
def plus_one(x):
return x + 1
def double(x):
return 2 * x
def square(x):
return x * x
def main():
def my_generator():
for i in range(5):
print(i)
yield i
test_tuple_func = FuncApplier((plus_one, double, square))
print("protocol 0")
try:
print(pickle.dumps(test_tuple_func, 0))
except pickle.PicklingError as err:
print("failed with the following error:\n%s" % err)
print("protocol 1")
try:
print(pickle.dumps(test_tuple_func, 0))
except pickle.PicklingError as err:
print("failed with the following error:\n%s" % err)
print("protocol 2")
try:
print(pickle.dumps(test_tuple_func, 0))
except pickle.PicklingError as err:
print("failed with the following error:\n%s" % err)
print("protocol 3")
try:
print(pickle.dumps(test_tuple_func, 0))
except pickle.PicklingError as err:
print("failed with the following error:\n%s" % err)
print("protocol 4")
try:
print(pickle.dumps(test_tuple_func, 0))
except pickle.PicklingError as err:
print("failed with the following error:\n%s" % err)
with Pool(processes=5) as pool:
results_generator = pool.imap_unordered(
test_tuple_func,
(test_tuple_func.fork_args(args_list) for args_list in my_generator()))
print("sum of x+1:\t%s\nsum of 2*x:\t%s\nsum of x*x:\t%s" % reduce(
sum_tuples, results_generator))
exit(0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
exit(main())
Test without cProfile seems OK:
$ ./forkiter.py
protocol 0
b'ccopy_reg\n_reconstructor\np0\n(c__main__\nFuncApplier\np1\nc__builtin__\nobject\np2\nNtp3\nRp4\n(c__main__\nplus_one\np5\nc__main__\ndouble\np6\nc__main__\nsquare\np7\ntp8\nb.'
protocol 1
b'ccopy_reg\n_reconstructor\np0\n(c__main__\nFuncApplier\np1\nc__builtin__\nobject\np2\nNtp3\nRp4\n(c__main__\nplus_one\np5\nc__main__\ndouble\np6\nc__main__\nsquare\np7\ntp8\nb.'
protocol 2
b'ccopy_reg\n_reconstructor\np0\n(c__main__\nFuncApplier\np1\nc__builtin__\nobject\np2\nNtp3\nRp4\n(c__main__\nplus_one\np5\nc__main__\ndouble\np6\nc__main__\nsquare\np7\ntp8\nb.'
protocol 3
b'ccopy_reg\n_reconstructor\np0\n(c__main__\nFuncApplier\np1\nc__builtin__\nobject\np2\nNtp3\nRp4\n(c__main__\nplus_one\np5\nc__main__\ndouble\np6\nc__main__\nsquare\np7\ntp8\nb.'
protocol 4
b'ccopy_reg\n_reconstructor\np0\n(c__main__\nFuncApplier\np1\nc__builtin__\nobject\np2\nNtp3\nRp4\n(c__main__\nplus_one\np5\nc__main__\ndouble\np6\nc__main__\nsquare\np7\ntp8\nb.'
0
1
2
3
4
sum of x+1: 15
sum of 2*x: 20
sum of x*x: 30
The test under cProfile fails at every pickling protocol (and consequently in multiprocessing also):
$ python3.6 -m cProfile -o forkiter.prof ./forkiter.py
protocol 0
failed with the following error:
Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
protocol 1
failed with the following error:
Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
protocol 2
failed with the following error:
Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
protocol 3
failed with the following error:
Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
protocol 4
failed with the following error:
Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
0
1
2
3
4
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/runpy.py", line 193, in _run_module_as_main
"__main__", mod_spec)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/runpy.py", line 85, in _run_code
exec(code, run_globals)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 160, in <module>
main()
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 153, in main
runctx(code, globs, None, options.outfile, options.sort)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 20, in runctx
filename, sort)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/profile.py", line 64, in runctx
prof.runctx(statement, globals, locals)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 100, in runctx
exec(cmd, globals, locals)
File "./forkiter.py", line 105, in <module>
exit(main())
File "./forkiter.py", line 101, in main
sum_tuples, results_generator))
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 699, in next
raise value
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 385, in _handle_tasks
put(task)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/connection.py", line 206, in send
self._send_bytes(_ForkingPickler.dumps(obj))
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/reduction.py", line 51, in dumps
cls(buf, protocol).dump(obj)
_pickle.PicklingError: Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
回答1:
It seems cProfile simply doesn't work with multiprocessing.
If you are happy to modify the code only profile the main process (or add specific profiling for the subprocesses), cProfile.run() seems to work to a degree.
In your example, replace
exit(main())
with
exit(cProfile.run('main()')
That at least works if the parallel function is a global scope function, not sure that is also true for a class like in your case.
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41892297/error-when-profiling-an-otherwise-perfectly-working-multiprocessing-python-scrip