Python class @property: use setter but evade getter?

问题

In python classes, the @property is a nice decorator that avoids using explicit setter and getter functions. However, it comes at a cost of an overhead 2-5 times that of a "classical" class function. In my case, this is quite OK in the case of setting a property, where the overhead is insignificant compared to the processing that needs to be done when setting.

However, I need no processing when getting the property. It is always just "return self.property". Is there an elegant way to use the setter but not using the getter, without needing to use a different internal variable?

Just to illustrate, the class below has the property "var" which refers to the internal variable "_var". It takes longer to call "var" than "_var" but it would be nice if developers and users alike could just use "var" without having to keep track of "_var" too.

class MyClass(object):
  def __init__(self):
    self._var = None

  # the property "var". First the getter, then the setter
  @property
  def var(self):
    return self._var
  @var.setter
  def var(self, newValue):
    self._var = newValue
    #... and a lot of other stuff here

  # Use "var" a lot! How to avoid the overhead of the getter and not to call self._var!
  def useAttribute(self):
    for i in xrange(100000):
      self.var == 'something'

For those interested, on my pc calling "var" takes 204 ns on average while calling "_var" takes 44 ns on average.

回答1:

Don't use a property in this case. A property object is a data descriptor, which means that any access to instance.var will invoke that descriptor and Python will never look for an attribute on the instance itself.

You have two options: use the .__setattr__() hook or build a descriptor that only implements .__set__.

Using the .__setattr__() hook

class MyClass(object):
    var = 'foo'

    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        if name == 'var':
            print "Setting var!"
            # do something with `value` here, like you would in a
            # setter.
            value = 'Set to ' + value
        super(MyClass, self).__setattr__(name, value)

Now normal attribute lookups are used when reading .var but when assigning to .var the __setattr__ method is invoked instead, letting you intercept value and adjust it as needed.

Demo:

>>> mc = MyClass()
>>> mc.var
'foo'
>>> mc.var = 'bar'
Setting var!
>>> mc.var
'Set to bar'

A setter descriptor

A setter descriptor would only intercept variable assignment:

class SetterProperty(object):
    def __init__(self, func, doc=None):
        self.func = func
        self.__doc__ = doc if doc is not None else func.__doc__
    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        return self.func(obj, value)

class Foo(object):
    @SetterProperty
    def var(self, value):
        print 'Setting var!'
        self.__dict__['var'] = value

Note how we need to assign to the instance .__dict__ attribute to prevent invoking the setter again.

Demo:

>>> f = Foo()
>>> f.var = 'spam'
Setting var!
>>> f.var = 'ham'
Setting var!
>>> f.var
'ham'
>>> f.var = 'biggles'
Setting var!
>>> f.var
'biggles'

回答2:

property python docs: https://docs.python.org/2/howto/descriptor.html#properties

class MyClass(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._var = None

    # only setter
    def var(self, newValue):
        self._var = newValue

    var = property(None, var)


c = MyClass()
c.var = 3
print ('ok')
print (c.var)

output:

ok
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "Untitled.py", line 15, in <module>
    print c.var
AttributeError: unreadable attribute

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17576009/python-class-property-use-setter-but-evade-getter