I have to pickle an array of objects like this:
翻译import cPickle as pickle from numpy import sin, cos, array tmp = lambda x: sin(x)+cos(x) test = array([[tmp,tmp],[tmp,tmp]],dtype=object) pickle.dump( test, open('test.lambda','w') )and it gives the following error:
TypeError: can't pickle function objectsIs there a way around that?
The built-in pickle module is unable to serialize several kinds of python objects (including lambda functions, nested functions, and functions defined at the command line).
The picloud package includes a more robust pickler, that can pickle lambda functions.
from pickle import dumps f = lambda x: x * 5 dumps(f) # error from cloud.serialization.cloudpickle import dumps dumps(f) # worksPiCloud-serialized objects can be de-serialized using the normal pickle/cPickle load and loads functions.
Dill also provides similar functionality
>>> import dill >>> f = lambda x: x * 5 >>> dill.dumps(f) '\x80\x02cdill.dill\n_create_function\nq\x00(cdill.dill\n_unmarshal\nq\x01Uec\x01\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00C\x00\x00\x00s\x08\x00\x00\x00|\x00\x00d\x01\x00\x14S(\x02\x00\x00\x00Ni\x05\x00\x00\x00(\x00\x00\x00\x00(\x01\x00\x00\x00t\x01\x00\x00\x00x(\x00\x00\x00\x00(\x00\x00\x00\x00s\x07\x00\x00\x00t\x08\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00s\x00\x00\x00\x00q\x02\x85q\x03Rq\x04c__builtin__\n__main__\nU\x08q\x05NN}q\x06tq\x07Rq\x08.' You'll have to use an actual function instead, one that is importable (not nested inside another function):
import cPickle as pickle from numpy import sin, cos, array def tmp(x): return sin(x)+cos(x) test = array([[tmp,tmp],[tmp,tmp]],dtype=object) pickle.dump( test, open('test.lambda','w') )The function object could still be produced by a lambda expression, but only if you subsequently give the resulting function object the same name:
tmp = lambda x: sin(x)+cos(x) tmp.__name__ = 'tmp' test = array([[tmp, tmp], [tmp, tmp]], dtype=object)because pickle stores only the module and name for a function object; in the above example, tmp.__module__ and tmp.__name__ now point right back at the location where the same object can be found again when unpickling.
There is another solution: define you functions as strings, pickle/un-pickle then use eval, ex:
import cPickle as pickle from numpy import sin, cos, array tmp = "lambda x: sin(x)+cos(x)" test = array([[tmp,tmp],[tmp,tmp]],dtype=object) pickle.dump( test, open('test.lambda','w') ) mytmp = array([[eval(x) for x in l] for l in pickle.load(open('test.lambda','r'))]) print mytmp # yields : [[ at 0x00000000033D4DD8> # at 0x00000000033D4E48>] # [ at 0x00000000033D4EB8> # at 0x00000000033D4F28>]] This could be more convenient for other solutions because the pickled representation would be completely self contained without having to use external dependencies.