可以将文章内容翻译成中文,广告屏蔽插件可能会导致该功能失效(如失效，请关闭广告屏蔽插件后再试):
问题:
import pygame import random import math import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt fx = np.zeros([11]) fy = np.zeros([11]) x = np.zeros([11]) y = np.zeros([11]) x[0] = 11 y[0] = 1 sigma = 1.01 e = 1.1 dt = 0.1 def LJ(x,y): for i in range(1,10): for j in range(1,10): rx = (x[i]-x[j]) ry = (y[i]-y[j]) fx[i] = 24*e*(((2/rx)*sigma/rx**12)-((1/rx)*sigma/rx**6)) fy[i] = 24*e*(((2/ry)*sigma/ry**12)-((1/ry)*sigma/ry**6)) print fx, fy
Why am I still getting errors RuntimeWarning: divide by zero encountered in double_scalars and
RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in double_scalars
The result I am getting is
[ 0. nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan 0.] [ 0. nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan nan 0.]
I tried to modify starting x and y but that gave no effect.
回答1:
In this code:
def LJ(x,y): for i in range(1,10): for j in range(1,10): ...
If i == j, you are comparing a particle to itself. Try skipping that iteration of the for-loops like so:
def LJ(x,y): for i in range(1,10): for j in range(1,10): if i == j: continue rx = (x[i]-x[j]) ry = (y[i]-y[j]) fx[i] = 24*e*(((2/rx)*sigma/rx**12)-((1/rx)*sigma/rx**6)) fy[i] = 24*e*(((2/ry)*sigma/ry**12)-((1/ry)*sigma/ry**6))
Also, you will need to put in actual values for the x and y lists, as they are all currently 0's. Two particles at exactly the same location exert an infinite amount of force according to that equation, so the divide by 0 is accurate in that scenario.
回答2:
You should stay with the physics. The potential function is, reconstructing from your force formula,
LJ(r) = 4*e*( (sigma/r)**12 - (sigma/r)**6 )
The force corresponding to the potential is, for any potential,
F = - LJ'(r)*(rx/r, ry/r)
Thus the procedure to compute the combined interaction forces should look like
def LJ(x,y): for i in range(x.size): for j in range(x.size): rx = (x[i]-x[j]) ry = (y[i]-y[j]) r = sqrt(rx*rx+ry*ry+1e-12) f = 24*e/r*( 2*(sigma/r)**12 - (sigma/r)**6 ) fx[i] += f*(rx/r) fy[i] += f*(ry/r) print fx, fy
The condition is that at the call of the procedure the force array is initialized, either to zero or the gravitational forces only.
The addition of the term eps**2 in the computation of the distance serves to avoid zero distances and thus infinite or very large values in the force computation. This epsilon eps should of course be small against typical distances of particles resp. the dimension of the scene, here sigma=1.01 is a typical distance, thus eps=1e-6 is small against it.
