一些概念:
1、哈希表:每一个字符都和一个索引相对应 O(1)的查找操作!
2、哈希函数:对于给定字符,将其转为索引的方法;
3、哈希表充分体现了算法设计领域的经典思想:空间换时间,哈希表是时间和空间之间的平衡;
4、哈希函数的设计:”键“通过哈希函数得到的”索引“分布越均匀越好;
5、哈希函数设计原则:
- 一致性:如果a==b,则hash(a)= hash(b)
- 高效性:计算高效简便
- 均匀性:哈希值均匀分布
6、哈希表:均摊复杂度为O(1),牺牲了顺序性;
7、哈希冲突的处理方法:
- 开放地址法:开放(每个地址对任何元素开放)
线性探测(遇到哈希冲突+1)、平方探测(遇到哈希冲突 + 1+ 4 + 9 + 16)、二次哈希(遇到哈希冲突 + hash2(key))
负载率:哈希表存储的元素的总数占整个地址的百分比 - 链地址法:封闭
- 再哈希法:用另外哈希函数找索引
- Coalesced Hashing:综合了Separate Chaining 和 Open Addressing
Java实现哈希表:
import java.util.TreeMap; public class HashTable<K, V> { private final int[] capacity = {53, 97, 193, 389, 769, 1543, 3079, 6151, 12289, 24593, 49157, 98317, 196613, 393241, 786433, 1572869, 3145739, 6291469, 12582917, 25165843, 50331653, 100663319, 201326611, 402653189, 805306457, 1610612741};//保证扩容缩容是素数 private static final int upperTol = 10; private static final int lowerTol = 2; private int capacityIndex = 0; private TreeMap<K, V>[] hashtable; private int M; private int size; public HashTable() { this.M = capacity[capacityIndex]; size = 0; hashtable = new TreeMap[M]; for(int i = 0; i < M; i++) { hashtable[i] = new TreeMap<>(); } } private int hash(K key) { return (key.hashCode() & 0x7fffffff) % M; } public int getSize() { return size; } public void add(K key, V value) { TreeMap<K, V> map = hashtable[hash(key)]; if(map.containsKey(key)) { map.put(key, value); } else { map.put(key, value); size++; if(size >= upperTol * M && capacityIndex + 1 < capacity.length) { capacityIndex++; resize(capacity[capacityIndex]); } } } public V remove(K key) { TreeMap<K, V> map = hashtable[hash(key)]; V ret = null; if(map.containsKey(key)) { ret = map.remove(key); size--; if(size < lowerTol * M && capacityIndex - 1 >= 0) { capacityIndex--; resize(capacity[capacityIndex]); } } return ret; } public void set(K key, V value) { TreeMap<K, V> map = hashtable[hash(key)]; if(!map.containsKey(key)) { throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + " does't exist!"); } map.put(key, value); } public boolean contains(K key) { return hashtable[hash(key)].containsKey(key); } public V get(K key) { return hashtable[hash(key)].get(key); } private void resize(int newM) { TreeMap<K, V>[] newHashTable = new TreeMap[newM]; for(int i =0; i < newM; i++) { newHashTable[i] = new TreeMap<>(); } int oldM = M; this.M = newM; for(int i = 0; i < oldM; i++) { TreeMap<K, V> map = hashtable[i]; for(K key : map.keySet()) { newHashTable[hash(key)].put(key, map.get(key)); } } this.hashtable = newHashTable; } } 文章来源: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_40617102/article/details/90411773