Instance attribute attribute_name defined outside __init__

问题

I split up my class constructor by letting it call multiple functions, like this:

class Wizard:
    def __init__(self, argv):
        self.parse_arguments(argv)
        self.wave_wand() # declaration omitted

    def parse_arguments(self, argv):
        if self.has_correct_argument_count(argv):
            self.name = argv[0]
            self.magic_ability = argv[1]
        else:
            raise InvalidArgumentsException() # declaration omitted

# ... irrelevant functions omitted

While my interpreter happily runs my code, Pylint has a complaint:

Instance attribute attribute_name defined outside __init__

A cursory Google search is currently fruitless. Keeping all constructor logic in __init__ seems unorganized, and turning off the Pylint warning also seems hack-ish.

What is a/the Pythonic way to resolve this problem?

回答1:

The idea behind this message is for the sake of readability. We expect to find all the attributes an instance may have by reading its __init__ method.

You may still want to split initialization into other methods though. In such case, you can simply assign attributes to None (with a bit of documentation) in the __init__ then call the sub-initialization methods.

回答2:

Just return a tuple from parse_arguments() and unpack into attributes inside __init__ as needed.

Also, I would recommend that you use Exceptions in lieu of using exit(1). You get tracebacks, your code is reusable, etc.

class Wizard:
    def __init__(self, argv):
        self.name,self.magic_ability = self.parse_arguments(argv)

    def parse_arguments(self, argv):
        assert len(argv) == 2
        return argv[0],argv[1]

回答3:

Although the definition of instance variables outside init isn't recommended in general, there are rare cases in which it is natural. For example, when you have a parent class that defines several variables that its child classes won't use, and whose definition will make its child waste time or resources, or will be simply unaesthetic.

One possible solution to this is using an init-extention function, that each child class may override, and in this function use function setattr in order to define the class-unique instance variables. May be this is not too aesthetic as well, but it eliminates the here-discussed linting warning.

回答4:

For each attribute you want to set via function, call the function from the init. For example, the following works for me to set the attribute ascii_txt...

def __init__(self, raw_file=None, fingerprint=None):
    self.raw_file = raw_file
    self.ascii_txt = self.convert_resume_to_ascii()

def convert_resume_to_ascii(self):
    ret_val = self.raw_file.upper()
    return ret_val

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19284857/instance-attribute-attribute-name-defined-outside-init

标签

python

constructor

pylint