“Tube” Arrows in Python

问题

I am looking for a way to draw a few (O(1)) 3D arrows with python, which are "proper 3D", by which I mean something along the lines of what Mathematica yields, i.e. rod of the arrow looks like a tube.

I did not find anything in the matplotlib documentation, but surely there must be a way?

回答1:

You may create a solid of revolution from some path defined in 2D to create a 3D arrow. The following code wraps this into a function, which allows to specify some of the arrow parameters. This allows to create the path to be used. This is then revolved about the z axis, creating a 3D arrow. To allow for arbitrary orientations of the arrow in space, one may then rotate the complete arrow about the x axis and then about the z axis (theta_x, theta_z). Finally the arrow is plotted using a plot_surface. Note that the axes into which the arrow is placed should have an equal aspect, such that the arrow is not skewed.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D


def arrow3d(ax, length=1, width=0.05, head=0.2, headwidth=2,
                theta_x=0, theta_z=0, offset=(0,0,0), **kw):
    w = width
    h = head
    hw = headwidth
    theta_x = np.deg2rad(theta_x)
    theta_z = np.deg2rad(theta_z)

    a = [[0,0],[w,0],[w,(1-h)*length],[hw*w,(1-h)*length],[0,length]]
    a = np.array(a)

    r, theta = np.meshgrid(a[:,0], np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,30))
    z = np.tile(a[:,1],r.shape[0]).reshape(r.shape)
    x = r*np.sin(theta)
    y = r*np.cos(theta)

    rot_x = np.array([[1,0,0],[0,np.cos(theta_x),-np.sin(theta_x) ],
                      [0,np.sin(theta_x) ,np.cos(theta_x) ]])
    rot_z = np.array([[np.cos(theta_z),-np.sin(theta_z),0 ],
                      [np.sin(theta_z) ,np.cos(theta_z),0 ],[0,0,1]])

    b1 = np.dot(rot_x, np.c_[x.flatten(),y.flatten(),z.flatten()].T)
    b2 = np.dot(rot_z, b1)
    b2 = b2.T+np.array(offset)
    x = b2[:,0].reshape(r.shape); 
    y = b2[:,1].reshape(r.shape); 
    z = b2[:,2].reshape(r.shape); 
    ax.plot_surface(x,y,z, **kw)

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

arrow3d(ax)

arrow3d(ax, length=2, width=0.02, head=0.1, headwidth=1.5, offset=[1,1,0], 
        theta_x=40,  color="crimson")

arrow3d(ax, length=1.4, width=0.03, head=0.15, headwidth=1.8, offset=[1,0.1,0], 
        theta_x=-60, theta_z = 60,  color="limegreen")

ax.set_xlim(0,1)
ax.set_ylim(0,1)
ax.set_zlim(0,1)
plt.show()

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/48587088/tube-arrows-in-python