一。基于requests模块的cookie操作（session处理cookie）
cookie概念：当用户通过浏览器首次访问一个域名时，访问的web服务器会给客户端发送数据，以保持web服务器与客户端之间的状态保持，这些数据就是cookie。
cookie作用：我们在浏览器中，经常涉及到数据的交换，比如你登录邮箱，登录一个页面。我们经常会在此时设置30天内记住我，或者自动登录选项。那么它们是怎么记录信息的呢，答案就是今天的主角cookie了，Cookie是由HTTP服务器设置的，保存在浏览器中，但HTTP协议是一种无状态协议，在数据交换完毕后，服务器端和客户端的链接就会关闭，每次交换数据都需要建立新的链接。就像我们去超市买东西，没有积分卡的情况下，我们买完东西之后，超市没有我们的任何消费信息，但我们办了积分卡之后，超市就有了我们的消费信息。cookie就像是积分卡，可以保存积分，商品就是我们的信息，超市的系统就像服务器后台，http协议就是交易的过程。
import requests
from lxml import etree
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/73.0.3683.103 Safari/537.36'
}
#创建一个会话对象:可以像requests模块一样发起请求。如果请求过程中会产生cookie的话，则cookie会被会话自动处理
s = requests.Session()
first_url = 'https://xueqiu.com/'
#请求过程中会产生cookie，cookie就会被存储到session对象中
s.get(url=first_url,headers=headers)
url = 'https://xueqiu.com/v4/statuses/public_timeline_by_category.json?since_id=-1&max_id=-1&count=10&category=-1'
json_obj = s.get(url=url,headers=headers).json()
print(json_obj)
二。打码验证识别验证码实现模拟登陆
云打码使用方法：https://i.cnblogs.com/EditPosts.aspx?postid=10839009&update=1
获取验证码图片：code_img_src = tree.xpath('//*[@id="verifyPic_login"]/@src')[0]
点击登录会进行页面跳转，Preserve log选项，这个选项是保留跳转与跳转之前所有记录
import http.client, mimetypes, urllib, json, time, requests
######################################################################
class YDMHttp:
apiurl = 'http://api.yundama.com/api.php'
username = ''
password = ''
appid = ''
appkey = ''
def __init__(self, username, password, appid, appkey):
self.username = username
self.password = password
self.appid = str(appid)
self.appkey = appkey
def request(self, fields, files=[]):
response = self.post_url(self.apiurl, fields, files)
response = json.loads(response)
return response
def balance(self):
data = {'method': 'balance', 'username': self.username, 'password': self.password, 'appid': self.appid, 'appkey': self.appkey}
response = self.request(data)
if (response):
if (response['ret'] and response['ret'] < 0):
return response['ret']
else:
return response['balance']
else:
return -9001
def login(self):
data = {'method': 'login', 'username': self.username, 'password': self.password, 'appid': self.appid, 'appkey': self.appkey}
response = self.request(data)
if (response):
if (response['ret'] and response['ret'] < 0):
return response['ret']
else:
return response['uid']
else:
return -9001
def upload(self, filename, codetype, timeout):
data = {'method': 'upload', 'username': self.username, 'password': self.password, 'appid': self.appid, 'appkey': self.appkey, 'codetype': str(codetype), 'timeout': str(timeout)}
file = {'file': filename}
response = self.request(data, file)
if (response):
if (response['ret'] and response['ret'] < 0):
return response['ret']
else:
return response['cid']
else:
return -9001
def result(self, cid):
data = {'method': 'result', 'username': self.username, 'password': self.password, 'appid': self.appid, 'appkey': self.appkey, 'cid': str(cid)}
response = self.request(data)
return response and response['text'] or ''
def decode(self, filename, codetype, timeout):
cid = self.upload(filename, codetype, timeout)
if (cid > 0):
for i in range(0, timeout):
result = self.result(cid)
if (result != ''):
return cid, result
else:
time.sleep(1)
return -3003, ''
else:
return cid, ''
def report(self, cid):
data = {'method': 'report', 'username': self.username, 'password': self.password, 'appid': self.appid, 'appkey': self.appkey, 'cid': str(cid), 'flag': '0'}
response = self.request(data)
if (response):
return response['ret']
else:
return -9001
def post_url(self, url, fields, files=[]):
for key in files:
files[key] = open(files[key], 'rb');
res = requests.post(url, files=files, data=fields)
return res.text
import requests
from lxml import etree
from YunCode import YDMHttp
#该函数是用来返回验证码图片显示的数据值
def getCodeText(codeType,imgPath):
result = None
# 普通者用户名
username = '用户名'
# 普通者密码
password = '密码'
# 软件ＩＤ，开发者分成必要参数。登录开发者后台【我的软件】获得！
appid = id
# 软件密钥，开发者分成必要参数。登录开发者后台【我的软件】获得！
appkey = '软件密钥'
# 图片文件
filename = imgPath
# 验证码类型，# 例：1004表示4位字母数字，不同类型收费不同。请准确填写，否则影响识别率。在此查询所有类型 http://www.yundama.com/price.html
codetype = codeType
# 超时时间，秒
timeout = 30
# 检查
if (username == 'username'):
print('请设置好相关参数再测试')
else:
# 初始化
yundama = YDMHttp(username, password, appid, appkey)
# 登陆云打码
uid = yundama.login();
print('uid: %s' % uid)
# 查询余额
balance = yundama.balance();
print('balance: %s' % balance)
# 开始识别，图片路径，验证码类型ID，超时时间（秒），识别结果
cid, result = yundama.decode(filename, codetype, timeout);
print('cid: %s, result: %s' % (cid, result))
return result
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/73.0.3683.103 Safari/537.36'
}
#进行验证码的识别：
#1.将验证码进行本地下载，将其提交给打码平台进行识别
url = 'http://www.renren.com/'
page_text = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers).text
#解析出验证码图片的url
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
code_img_src = tree.xpath('//*[@id="verifyPic_login"]/@src')[0]
code_img_data = requests.get(url=code_img_src,headers=headers).content
with open('./code.jpg','wb') as fp:
fp.write(code_img_data)
#将本地保存好的验证码图片交给打码平台识别
code_text = getCodeText(2004,'./code.jpg')
#模拟登录（发送post请求）
post_url = 'http://www.renren.com/ajaxLogin/login?1=1&uniqueTimestamp=2019361852954'
data = {
'email': 'www.zhangbowudi@qq.com',
'icode': code_text,
'origURL': 'http://www.renren.com/home',
'domain': 'renren.com',
'key_id': '1',
'captcha_type': 'web_login',
'password': '784601bfcb6b9e78d8519a3885c4a3de0aa7c3f597477e00d26a7aa6598e83bf',
'rkey': '00313a9752665df609d455d36edfbe94',
'f':'',
}
page_text = requests.post(url=post_url,headers=headers,data=data).text
with open('./renren.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as fp:
fp.write(page_text)
三。proxies参数设置请求代理ip
类型：http与https
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import random
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 不同浏览器的UA
header_list = [
# 遨游
{"user-agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Maxthon 2.0)"},
# 火狐
{"user-agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1"},
# 谷歌
{
"user-agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_0) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11"}
]
# 不同的代理IP
proxy_list = [
{"http": "111.206.6.101:80"},
{'http': '39.137.107.98:80'}
]
# 随机获取UA和代理IP
header = random.choice(header_list)
proxy = random.choice(proxy_list)
url = 'http://www.baidu.com/s?ie=UTF-8&wd=ip'
# 参数3：设置代理
response = requests.get(url=url, headers=header, proxies=proxy)
response.encoding = 'utf-8'
with open('daili.html', 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(response.content)
# 切换成原来的IP
requests.get(url, proxies={"http": ""})
四。基于multiprocessing.dummy线程池的数据爬取
安装fake-useragent库: pip install fake-useragent
需求：爬取梨视频的视频信息，并计算其爬取数据的耗时
import requests
import random
from lxml import etree
import re
from fake_useragent import UserAgent #随机生成UA模块
# 安装fake-useragent库:pip install fake-useragent
url = 'http://www.pearvideo.com/category_1'
# 随机产生UA,如果报错则可以添加如下参数：
# ua = UserAgent(verify_ssl=False,use_cache_server=False).random
# 禁用服务器缓存：
# ua = UserAgent(use_cache_server=False)
# 不缓存数据：
# ua = UserAgent(cache=False)
# 忽略ssl验证：
# ua = UserAgent(verify_ssl=False)
ua = UserAgent().random
headers = {
'User-Agent': ua
}
# 获取首页页面数据
page_text = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers).text
# 对获取的首页页面数据中的相关视频详情链接进行解析
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
li_list = tree.xpath('//div[@id="listvideoList"]/ul/li')
detail_urls = []
for li in li_list:
detail_url = 'http://www.pearvideo.com/' + li.xpath('./div/a/@href')[0]
title = li.xpath('.//div[@class="vervideo-title"]/text()')[0]
detail_urls.append(detail_url)
for url in detail_urls:
page_text = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers).text
vedio_url = re.findall('srcUrl="(.*?)"', page_text, re.S)[0]
data = requests.get(url=vedio_url, headers=headers).content
fileName = str(random.randint(1, 10000)) + '.mp4' # 随机生成视频文件名称
with open(fileName, 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(data)
print(fileName + ' is over')
import requests
import random
from lxml import etree
import re
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
# 安装fake-useragent库:pip install fake-useragent
# 导入线程池模块
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool
# 实例化线程池对象
pool = Pool()
url = 'http://www.pearvideo.com/category_1'
# 随机产生UA
ua = UserAgent().random
headers = {
'User-Agent': ua
}
# 获取首页页面数据
page_text = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers).text
# 对获取的首页页面数据中的相关视频详情链接进行解析
tree = etree.HTML(page_text)
li_list = tree.xpath('//div[@id="listvideoList"]/ul/li')
detail_urls = [] # 存储二级页面的url
for li in li_list:
detail_url = 'http://www.pearvideo.com/' + li.xpath('./div/a/@href')[0]
title = li.xpath('.//div[@class="vervideo-title"]/text()')[0]
detail_urls.append(detail_url)
vedio_urls = [] # 存储视频的url
for url in detail_urls:
page_text = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers).text
vedio_url = re.findall('srcUrl="(.*?)"', page_text, re.S)[0]
vedio_urls.append(vedio_url)
# 使用线程池进行视频数据下载
func_request = lambda link: requests.get(url=link, headers=headers).content
video_data_list = pool.map(func_request, vedio_urls)
# 使用线程池进行视频数据保存
func_saveData = lambda data: save(data)
pool.map(func_saveData, video_data_list)
def save(data):
fileName = str(random.randint(1, 10000)) + '.mp4'
with open(fileName, 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(data)
print(fileName + '已存储')
pool.close()
pool.join()
来源：oschina
链接：https://my.oschina.net/u/4274625/blog/3543490