ThreadLocal应用与原理

流过昼夜 提交于 2020-03-25 22:02:24

     ThreadLocal是什么呢?其实ThreadLocal并非是一个线程的本地实现版本,它并不是一个Thread,而是threadlocalvariable(线程局部变量)。也许把它命名为ThreadLocalVar更加合适。线程局部变量(ThreadLocal)其实的功用非常简单,就是为每一个使用该变量的线程都提供一个变量值的副本,是Java中一种较为特殊的线程绑定机制,是每一个线程都可以独立地改变自己的副本,而不会和其它线程的副本冲突。是能够解决多线程的实例变量的问题。

  API是这样介绍的:

* This class provides thread-local variables.  These variables differ from
 * their normal counterparts in that each thread that accesses one (via its
 * {@code get} or {@code set} method) has its own, independently initialized
 * copy of the variable.  {@code ThreadLocal} instances are typically private
 * static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread (e.g.,
 * a user ID or Transaction ID).

    该类提供了线程局部 (thread-local) 变量。这些变量不同于它们的普通对应物,因为访问某个变量(通过其 getset 方法)的每个线程都有自己的局部变量,它独立于变量的初始化副本。 ThreadLocal实例通常是类中的 private static 字段,它们希望将状态与某一个线程(例如,用户 ID 或事务 ID)相关联。

    所以ThreadLocal与线程同步机制不同,线程同步机制是多个线程共享同一个变量,而ThreadLocal是为每一个线程创建一个单独的变量副本,故而每个线程都可以独立地改变自己所拥有的变量副本,而不会影响其他线程所对应的副本。可以说ThreadLocal为多线程环境下变量问题提供了另外一种解决思路。

   ThreadLocal定义了四个方法:

      get():返回此线程局部变量的当前线程副本中的值。

      initialValue():返回此线程局部变量的初始值。

      remove():移除此线程局部变量当前线程的值。

      set(T value):将此线程局部变量的当前线程副本中的值设置为指定的值。

除了这四个方法,ThreadLocal内部还有一个静态内部类ThreadLocalMap,该内部类才是实现该线程隔离机制的关键,get(),set(),remove() 都是基于该内部类操作。ThreadLocalMap提供了一种用键值对存储方式存储每个线程的变量副本,key为当前ThreadLocal对象,value则是对应线程的变量副本。

对于ThreadLocal需要注意的有两点:

    1.ThreadLocal实例本身是不存储值,它只是提供了一个在当前线程中找到副本值的一个key。

   2.是ThreadLocal包含在Thread中,而不是Thread包含在ThreadLocal中,不要弄错它们之间的关系。

 

 

ThreadLocalMap的内部实现,ThreadLocalMap其内部利用Entry来实现key-value的存储,如下:

     static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
            /** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
            Object value;

            Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
                super(k);
                value = v;
            }
        }

从上面代码中可以看出Entry的key就是ThreadLocal,而value就是值。同时,Entry也继承WeakReference,所以说Entry

所对应的key(ThrealLocal实例)的引用为一个弱引用(关于弱引用这里就多说了)。

 

下面开始分析具体代码:

看一下set 方法的源码:

    /**
     * Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
     * to the specified value.  Most subclasses will have no need to
     * override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
     * method to set the values of thread-locals.
     *
     * @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
     *        this thread-local.
     */
    public void set(T value) {
        //获取当前线程
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        //根据当前线程 得到 ThreadLocapMap实例
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            //当前的ThreadLocal实例为键,当前value为值进行赋值
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            //如果map=null,新建一个ThreadLocalMap实例,其实就是绑定当前的线程 threadLocals 赋值,然后可以通过thread获取ThreadLocalMap
            //同时/当前的ThreadLocal实例为键,当前value为值进行赋值 
            createMap(t, value);
    }

     getMap方法:

    /**
     * Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
     * InheritableThreadLocal.
     *
     * @param  t the current thread
     * @return the map
     */
    ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
        //根据当前线程获取ThreadLocalMap 实例
        return t.threadLocals;
    }

       

ThreadLocalMap.set()方法:
       /**
         * Set the value associated with key.
         *
         * @param key the thread local object
         * @param value the value to be set
         */
        private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {

            //通过 hash表来维护这种数据
            Entry[] tab = table;
            int len = tab.length;
            //通过hash值,和数组长度&计算,定位出该key在hash表中的位置,threadLocal的hash值是计算好的,直接引用,不必重新计算得到
            int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);

            for (Entry e = tab[i];
                 e != null;
                 e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
                ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
                 //该键存在 就覆盖该值 并结束当前循环
                if (k == key) {
                    e.value = value;
                    return;
                }
                //该键null,覆盖替换掉陈腐的值 结束掉当前循环
                if (k == null) {
                    replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
                    return;
                }
                
                //如果值没找到,就继续循环查找,因为这里采用的是开放地址法来解决hash冲突,所以通过hash值没有定位到指定的实例很正常.(不了解开放地址法,可以自行google)
            }
            //如果该键不存在hash表中,就重新实例化一个,存入hash表中
            tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
            int sz = ++size;
            //实例的值大于阀值,重新进行hash
            if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
                rehash();
        }

 get() 方法的实现:

 /**
     * Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
     * thread-local variable.  If the variable has no value for the
     * current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
     * by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
     *
     * @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
     */
    public T get() {
        //获得当前线程
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        //通过当前线程取出其中的局部变量ThreadLocalMap,其实就是实例变量
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null) {
           //当前t threadLocal作为key 取出Entry实例
            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
            if (e != null) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                T result = (T)e.value;
                return result;
            }
        }
        //如果当前线程没有设置值,返回初始值
        return setInitialValue();
    }

   getEntry()解析:

     /**
         * Get the entry associated with key.  This method
         * itself handles only the fast path: a direct hit of existing
         * key. It otherwise relays to getEntryAfterMiss.  This is
         * designed to maximize performance for direct hits, in part
         * by making this method readily inlinable.
         *
         * @param  key the thread local object
         * @return the entry associated with key, or null if no such
         */
        private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
            //通过hash值和数组长度求余(通过位运算实现相同的效果,当然数组的大小必须为2的次方),定位到数组
            int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
            //通过下表获取相应实例
            Entry e = table[i];
            if (e != null && e.get() == key)
                return e;
            else
              //因为采用的是开放地址法,通过hash值,不一定能够获得相应的Entrt实例
              return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
        }

  

getEntryAfterMiss() 方法解析:

      /**
         * Version of getEntry method for use when key is not found in
         * its direct hash slot.
         *
         * @param  key the thread local object
         * @param  i the table index for key's hash code
         * @param  e the entry at table[i]
         * @return the entry associated with key, or null if no such
         */
        private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal<?> key, int i, Entry e) {
            Entry[] tab = table;
            int len = tab.length;
            //e!=null 其实就是证明该hash值必须存在,只有存在才能发生冲突,才会选择一个空的值重新填入
            while (e != null) {
                ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
                if (k == key)
                    return e;
                if (k == null)
                    expungeStaleEntry(i);
                else
                    //肯定选择依次最近的值,如果当前值为空结束循环,因为开放地址也是按顺序选择第一个为空的值,填入,如果有空值,结束当前循环
                    i = nextIndex(i, len); 
                    
                e = tab[i];
            }
            return null;
        }

  

remove()方法解析:
     /**
     * Removes the current thread's value for this thread-local
     * variable.  If this thread-local variable is subsequently
     * {@linkplain #get read} by the current thread, its value will be
     * reinitialized by invoking its {@link #initialValue} method,
     * unless its value is {@linkplain #set set} by the current thread
     * in the interim.  This may result in multiple invocations of the
     * {@code initialValue} method in the current thread.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
     public void remove() {
         //根据线程获取ThreadLocalMap
         ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
         if (m != null)
             //用当前threadLocal 作为键,移除该项
             m.remove(this);
     }

   remove() 方法

      /**
         * Remove the entry for key.
         */
        private void remove(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
            Entry[] tab = table;
            int len = tab.length;
            int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
            for (Entry e = tab[i];
                 e != null;
                 e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
                if (e.get() == key) {
                    //删除该对象不会进入队列(弱引用被垃圾回收会进入临时队列)
                    e.clear();
                    //清空当前对象
                    expungeStaleEntry(i);
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

  

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

易学教程内所有资源均来自网络或用户发布的内容,如有违反法律规定的内容欢迎反馈
该文章没有解决你所遇到的问题?点击提问,说说你的问题,让更多的人一起探讨吧!