介绍

在密码学中，RC4（Rivest Cipher 4，也称为ARC4或ARCFOUR，意为所谓的RC4）是一种流密码。尽管它以简单性和软件速度着称，但在RC4中发现了多个漏洞，使其不安全。当不丢弃输出密钥流的开头或使用非随机或相关密钥时，它特别容易受到攻击。RC4的使用特别有问题，导致协议非常不安全，例如WEP。

参数介绍

参数名	说明
S	S-box，长度为256的char型数组，char S[256]
K	密钥Key，用户自定义，长度在1~256，用来打乱S-box
T	临时变量，长度为256的char型数组
D	保存加密前/后数据

基本流程

初始化 S 和 T 数组。
初始化置换 S。
生成密钥流。

初始化S和T数组+初始化置换S

void RC4_Init(unsigned char* S, unsigned char* K, unsigned int len) {
    int i, j = 0;
    unsigned char ch_tmp, T[256] = { 0 };//临时变量
    for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
        S[i] = i;//初始化S-box
        T[i] = K[i % len];//密钥填充临时数组
    }
    //打乱S-box
    for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
        j = (j + S[i] + T[i]) % 256;
        ch_tmp = S[i];
        S[i] = S[j];
        S[j] = ch_tmp;
    }
}

生成密钥流

void RC4_Crypt(unsigned char* S, unsigned char* D, unsigned int len) {
    int i = 0, j = 0, int_tmp;
    unsigned int n;
    unsigned char ch_tmp;
    for (n = 0; n < len; ++n) {
        i = (i + 1) % 256;
        j = (j + S[i]) % 256;
        ch_tmp = S[i];
        S[i] = S[j];
        S[j] = ch_tmp;
        int_tmp = (S[i] + S[j]) % 256;
        D[n] ^= S[n];
    }
}

完整代码实现

C语言

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#pragma warning(disable:4996)

void RC4_Init(unsigned char* S, unsigned char* K, unsigned int len) {
    int i, j = 0;
    unsigned char ch_tmp, T[256] = { 0 };//临时变量
    for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
        S[i] = i;//初始化S-box
        T[i] = K[len % 256];//密钥填充临时数组
    }
    //打乱S-box
    for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
        j = (j + S[i] + T[i]) % 256;
        ch_tmp = S[i];
        S[i] = S[j];
        S[j] = ch_tmp;
    }
}

void RC4_Crypt(unsigned char* S, unsigned char* D, unsigned int len) {
    int i = 0, j = 0, int_tmp;
    unsigned int n;
    unsigned char ch_tmp;
    for (n = 0; n < len; ++n) {
        i = (i + 1) % 256;
        j = (j + S[i]) % 256;
        ch_tmp = S[i];
        S[i] = S[j];
        S[j] = ch_tmp;
        int_tmp = (S[i] + S[j]) % 256;
        D[n] ^= S[n];
    }
}

int main(void)
{
    unsigned char S_box[256] = { 0 };
    unsigned char Key[] = { "helloworld" };
    unsigned char Data[] = { "youareso" };
    int i;

    printf("加密前数据：%s\n\n", Data);
    printf("密钥：%s\n\n", Key);

    RC4_Init(S_box, Key, strlen((char*)Key));
    printf("S-box：\n");
    for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
        printf("%02x", S_box[i]);
        if ((i + 1) % 16 == 0) printf("\n");
    }

    RC4_Crypt(S_box, Data, strlen((char*)Data));

    printf("\n加密后数据：%s\n", Data);

    system("PAUSE");
    return 0;
}

RC4+Base64

不过在实际做题中，往往会将RC4与变表Base64结合起来考（先后顺序）

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#pragma warning(disable:4996)

void RC4_Init(unsigned char* S, unsigned char* K, unsigned int len) {
    int i, j = 0;
    unsigned char ch_tmp, T[256] = { 0 };//临时变量
    for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
        S[i] = i;//初始化S-box
        T[i] = K[len % 256];//密钥填充临时数组
    }
    //打乱S-box
    for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
        j = (j + S[i] + T[i]) % 256;
        ch_tmp = S[i];
        S[i] = S[j];
        S[j] = ch_tmp;
    }
}

void RC4_Crypt(unsigned char* S, unsigned char* D, unsigned int len) {
    int i = 0, j = 0, int_tmp;
    unsigned int n;
    unsigned char ch_tmp;
    for (n = 0; n < len; ++n) {
        i = (i + 1) % 256;
        j = (j + S[i]) % 256;
        ch_tmp = S[i];
        S[i] = S[j];
        S[j] = ch_tmp;
        int_tmp = (S[i] + S[j]) % 256;
        D[n] ^= S[n];
    }
}

unsigned char* base64_encode(unsigned char* str)
{
    long len;
    long str_len;
    unsigned char* res = { 0 };
    int i, j;
    unsigned char base64_table[] = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
    //unsigned char base64_table[] = "0123456789+/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";

    str_len = strlen((char*)str);
    if (str_len % 3 == 0)
        len = str_len / 3 * 4;
    else
        len = (str_len / 3 + 1) * 4;

    res = (unsigned char*)malloc(sizeof(unsigned char) * len + 1);
    res[len] = '\0';

    for (i = 0, j = 0; i < len - 2; j += 3, i += 4)
    {
        res[i] = base64_table[str[j] >> 2];
        res[i + 1] = base64_table[(str[j] & 0x3) << 4 | (str[j + 1] >> 4)];
        res[i + 2] = base64_table[(str[j + 1] & 0xf) << 2 | (str[j + 2] >> 6)];
        res[i + 3] = base64_table[str[j + 2] & 0x3f];
    }

    switch (str_len % 3)
    {
    case 1:
        res[i - 2] = '=';
        res[i - 1] = '=';
        break;
    case 2:
        res[i - 1] = '=';
        break;
    }

    return res;
}


unsigned char* base64_decode(unsigned char* code)
{
    //根据base64表，以字符找到对应的十进制数据  
    int table[] = { 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
             0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
             0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
             0,0,0,0,0,0,0,62,0,0,0,
             63,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,
             59,60,61,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
             1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,
             13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,
             22,23,24,25,0,0,0,0,0,0,26,
             27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,
             36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,
             45,46,47,48,49,50,51
    };
    long len;
    long str_len;
    unsigned char* res;
    int i, j;

    //计算解码后的字符串长度  
    len = strlen((char*)code);
    //判断编码后的字符串后是否有=  
    if (strstr((char*)code, "=="))
        str_len = len / 4 * 3 - 2;
    else if (strstr((char*)code, "="))
        str_len = len / 4 * 3 - 1;
    else
        str_len = len / 4 * 3;

    res = (unsigned char*)malloc(sizeof(unsigned char) * str_len + 1);
    res[str_len] = '\0';

    //以4个字符为一位进行解码  
    for (i = 0, j = 0; i < len - 2; j += 3, i += 4)
    {
        res[j] = ((unsigned char)table[code[i]]) << 2 | (((unsigned char)table[code[i + 1]]) >> 4); //取出第一个字符对应base64表的十进制数的前6位与第二个字符对应base64表的十进制数的后2位进行组合  
        res[j + 1] = (((unsigned char)table[code[i + 1]]) << 4) | (((unsigned char)table[code[i + 2]]) >> 2); //取出第二个字符对应base64表的十进制数的后4位与第三个字符对应bas464表的十进制数的后4位进行组合  
        res[j + 2] = (((unsigned char)table[code[i + 2]]) << 6) | ((unsigned char)table[code[i + 3]]); //取出第三个字符对应base64表的十进制数的后2位与第4个字符进行组合  
    }

    return res;

}

int main(void)
{
    unsigned char S_box[256] = { 0 }, S_box2[256] = { 0 };
    unsigned char Key[] = { "helloworld" };
    unsigned char Data[] = { "youareso" };
    char tmp[256] = { 0 };
    int i;

    printf("加密前数据：%s\n\n",Data);
    printf("密钥：%s\n\n", Key);

    RC4_Init(S_box, Key, strlen((char*)Key));
    printf("S-box：\n");
    for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
        printf("%02x", S_box[i]);
        S_box2[i] = S_box[i];
        if ((i + 1) % 16 == 0) printf("\n");
    }

    RC4_Crypt(S_box, Data, strlen((char*)Data));

    strcpy(tmp, (const char*)base64_encode(Data));
    printf("\n加密后数据：%s\n", tmp);

    strcpy((char*)Data, (char*)base64_decode((unsigned char*)tmp));
    RC4_Crypt(S_box2, Data, strlen((char*)Data));
    printf("\n解密后数据：%s\n", Data);

    system("PAUSE");
    return 0;
}

Python代码

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import random, base64
from hashlib import sha1


def crypt(data, key):
    """RC4 algorithm"""
    x = 0
    box = range(256)
    for i in range(256):
        x = (x + box[i] + ord(key[i % len(key)])) % 256
        box[i], box[x] = box[x], box[i]
    x = y = 0
    out = []
    for char in data:
        x = (x + 1) % 256
        y = (y + box[x]) % 256
        box[x], box[y] = box[y], box[x]
        out.append(chr(ord(char) ^ box[(box[x] + box[y]) % 256]))

    return ''.join(out)


def tencode(data, key, encode=base64.b64encode, salt_length=16):
    """RC4 encryption with random salt and final encoding"""
    salt = ''
    for n in range(salt_length):
        salt += chr(random.randrange(256))
    data = salt + crypt(data, sha1(key + salt).digest())
    if encode:
        data = encode(data)
    return data


def tdecode(data, key, decode=base64.b64decode, salt_length=16):
    """RC4 decryption of encoded data"""
    if decode:
        data = decode(data)
    salt = data[:salt_length]
    return crypt(data[salt_length:], sha1(key + salt).digest())


if __name__ == '__main__':
    data = 'JcckEQrhrmVawW9p+KRI7pDZ81VbpkVU30RQ7pskkaZh+tWh'
    key = 'Biub1uBIv'
    decoded_data = tdecode(data=data, key=key)
    print("明文是：")
    print decoded_data