问题
I'd like to take the modular inverse of a matrix like [[1,2],[3,4]] mod 7 in Python. I've looked at numpy (which does matrix inversion but not modular matrix inversion) and I saw a few number theory packages online, but nothing that seems to do this relatively common procedure (at least, it seems relatively common to me).
By the way, the inverse of the above matrix is [[5,1],[5,3]] (mod 7). I'd like Python to do it for me though.
回答1:
A hackish trick which works when rounding errors aren't an issue:
- find the regular inverse (may have non-integer entries), and the determinant (an integer), both implemented in numpy
- multiply the inverse by the determinant, and round to integers (hacky)
- now multiply everything by the determinant's multiplicative inverse (modulo your modulus, code below)
- do entrywise mod by your modulus
A less hackish way is to actually implement gaussian elimination. Here's my code using Gaussian elimination, which I wrote for my own purposes (rounding errors were an issue for me). q is the modulus, which is not necessarily prime.
def generalizedEuclidianAlgorithm(a, b):
if b > a:
return generalizedEuclidianAlgorithm(b,a);
elif b == 0:
return (1, 0);
else:
(x, y) = generalizedEuclidianAlgorithm(b, a % b);
return (y, x - (a / b) * y)
def inversemodp(a, p):
a = a % p
if (a == 0):
print "a is 0 mod p"
return None
if a > 1 and p % a == 0:
return None
(x,y) = generalizedEuclidianAlgorithm(p, a % p);
inv = y % p
assert (inv * a) % p == 1
return inv
def identitymatrix(n):
return [[long(x == y) for x in range(0, n)] for y in range(0, n)]
def inversematrix(matrix, q):
n = len(matrix)
A = np.matrix([[ matrix[j, i] for i in range(0,n)] for j in range(0, n)], dtype = long)
Ainv = np.matrix(identitymatrix(n), dtype = long)
for i in range(0, n):
factor = inversemodp(A[i,i], q)
if factor is None:
raise ValueError("TODO: deal with this case")
A[i] = A[i] * factor % q
Ainv[i] = Ainv[i] * factor % q
for j in range(0, n):
if (i != j):
factor = A[j, i]
A[j] = (A[j] - factor * A[i]) % q
Ainv[j] = (Ainv[j] - factor * Ainv[i]) % q
return Ainv
EDIT: as commenters point out, there are some cases this algorithm fails. It's slightly nontrivial to fix, and I don't have time nowadays. Back then it worked for random matrices in my case (the moduli were products of large primes). Basically, the first non-zero entry might not be relatively prime to the modulus. The prime case is easy since you can search for a different row and swap. In the non-prime case, I think it could be that all leading entries aren't relatively prime so you have to combine them
回答2:
Okay...for those who care, I solved my own problem. It took me a while, but I think this works. It's probably not the most elegant, and should include some more error handling, but it works:
import numpy
import math
from numpy import matrix
from numpy import linalg
def modMatInv(A,p): # Finds the inverse of matrix A mod p
n=len(A)
A=matrix(A)
adj=numpy.zeros(shape=(n,n))
for i in range(0,n):
for j in range(0,n):
adj[i][j]=((-1)**(i+j)*int(round(linalg.det(minor(A,j,i)))))%p
return (modInv(int(round(linalg.det(A))),p)*adj)%p
def modInv(a,p): # Finds the inverse of a mod p, if it exists
for i in range(1,p):
if (i*a)%p==1:
return i
raise ValueError(str(a)+" has no inverse mod "+str(p))
def minor(A,i,j): # Return matrix A with the ith row and jth column deleted
A=numpy.array(A)
minor=numpy.zeros(shape=(len(A)-1,len(A)-1))
p=0
for s in range(0,len(minor)):
if p==i:
p=p+1
q=0
for t in range(0,len(minor)):
if q==j:
q=q+1
minor[s][t]=A[p][q]
q=q+1
p=p+1
return minor
回答3:
It can be calculated using Sage (www.sagemath.org) as
Matrix(IntegerModRing(7), [[1, 2], [3,4]]).inverse()
Although Sage is huge to install and you have to use the version of python that comes with it which is a pain.
回答4:
Unfortunately numpy does not have modular arithmetic implementations. You can always code up the proposed algorithm using row reduction or determinants as demonstrated here. A modular inverse seems to be quite useful for cryptography.
回答5:
'sympy' package Matrix class function 'sqMatrix.inv_mod(mod)' computes modulo matrix inverse for small and arbitrarily large modulus. By combining sympy with numpy, it becomes easy to compute modulo inverse of 2-D numpy arrays (see the code snippet below):
enter code here
import numpy
from sympy import Matrix
def matInvMod (vmnp, mod):
nr = vmnp.shape[0]
nc = vmnp.shape[1]
if (nr!= nc):
print "Error: Non square matrix! exiting"
exit()
vmsym = Matrix(vmnp)
vmsymInv = vmsym.inv_mod(mod)
vmnpInv = numpy.array(vmsymInv)
print "vmnpInv: ", vmnpInv, "\n"
k = nr
vmtest = [[1 for i in range(k)] for j in range(k)] # just a 2-d list
vmtestInv = vmsym*vmsymInv
for i in range(k):
for j in range(k):
#print i, j, vmtrx2[i,j] % mod
vmtest[i][j] = vmtestInv[i,j] % mod
print "test vmk*vkinv % mod \n:", vmtest
return vmnpInv
if __name__ == '__main__':
#p = 271
p =
115792089210356248762697446949407573530086143415290314195533631308867097853951
vm = numpy.array([[1,1,1,1], [1, 2, 4, 8], [1, 4, 16, 64], [1, 5, 25, 125]])
#vminv = modMatInv(vm, p)
vminv = matInvMod(vm, p)
print vminv
vmtestnp = vm.dot(vminv)%p # test mtrx inversion
print vmtestnp
回答6:
This little piece of code seems to do it: link
Note the comment below for a little improvement. Seems to do the correct linear algebra as far as I can see. I have never found any option in regular packages so probably taking a code snippet from the web (there are a lot more available) is the easiest approach.
回答7:
how to do the modularity matrix. Compute the modular matrix. Divide the main graph into to clusters using eigen vector for modular matrix. Do this for each created cluster, iteratively( each cluster will be divided into two clusters then and so on…). After doing each steps, the number of clusters will be twice larger. The criterion for clustering in this question is modularity. For this purpose, in each step calculate the modularity criterion and stop the algorithm where it is decreasing.
in python
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4287721/easiest-way-to-perform-modular-matrix-inversion-with-python