How does extglob work with shell parameter expansion?

问题

I thought I understood the use of the optional ?(pattern-list) in bash (when extglob shell option is on) and by default in ksh. For example in bash:

$ shopt -s extglob
$ V=35xAB
$ echo "${V#?(35|88)x}" "${V#35}"
AB xAB

But when the matching prefix pattern is just one ?() or one *(), which introduce what I call optional patterns, the 35 is not omitted unless ## is used:

$ echo "${V#?(35|88)}" "${V#*(35|88)}"    # Why 35 is not left out?
35xA 35xA
$ echo "${V##?(35|88)}" "${V##*(35|88)}"  # Why is it omitted when ## is used?
xA xA

The same behaviour is reported when ?() and *() are used in a matching suffix pattern (using % and %%):

$ echo "${V%5?(xA|Bz)}"                   # 5xA is omitted
3
$ echo "${V%?(xA|Bz)}" "${V%*(xA|Bz)}"    # why xA is not left out?
35xA 35xA
$ echo "${V%%?(xA|Bz)}" "${V%%*(xA|Bz)}"  # xA is omitted when %% is used
35 35

I tested this issue in the bash releases 3.2.25, 4.1.2 and 4.1.6 and it makes me think that, perhaps, I had not properly understood the actual underlying shell mechanism for matching patterns.

May anybody shed light on this?

Thanks in advance

回答1:

If you use @ instead of ? then it works as expected:

$> echo "${V#@(35|88)}"
xAB

$> echo "${V%@(xAB|Bzh)}"
35

Similarly behavior of + instead of *:

$> echo "${V#*(35|88)}"
35xAB

$>echo "${V#+(35|88)}"
xAB

It is because:

• ?(pattern-list) # Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
• @(pattern-list) # Matches one of the given patterns

And:

• *(pattern-list) # Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
• +(pattern-list) # Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39445699/how-does-extglob-work-with-shell-parameter-expansion