Why can't you add attributes to object in python? [duplicate]

Question

This question already has an answer here:

• Can't set attributes of object class 6 answers

(Written in Python shell)

>>> o = object()
>>> o.test = 1

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#45>", line 1, in <module>
    o.test = 1
AttributeError: 'object' object has no attribute 'test'
>>> class test1:
    pass

>>> t = test1()
>>> t.test

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#50>", line 1, in <module>
    t.test
AttributeError: test1 instance has no attribute 'test'
>>> t.test = 1
>>> t.test
1
>>> class test2(object):
    pass

>>> t = test2()
>>> t.test = 1
>>> t.test
1
>>> 

Why doesn't object allow you to add attributes to it?

Answer 1

Notice that an object instance has no __dict__ attribute:

>>> dir(object())
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__str__']

An example to illustrate this behavior in a derived class:

>>> class Foo(object):
...     __slots__ = {}
...
>>> f = Foo()
>>> f.bar = 42
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Foo' object has no attribute 'bar'

Quoting from the docs on slots:

[...] The __slots__ declaration takes a sequence of instance variables and reserves just enough space in each instance to hold a value for each variable. Space is saved because __dict__ is not created for each instance.

EDIT: To answer ThomasH from the comments, OP's test class is an "old-style" class. Try:

>>> class test: pass
...
>>> getattr(test(), '__dict__')
{}
>>> getattr(object(), '__dict__')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'object' object has no attribute '__dict__'

and you'll notice there is a __dict__ instance. The object class may not have a __slots__ defined, but the result is the same: lack of a __dict__, which is what prevents dynamic assignment of an attribute. I've reorganized my answer to make this clearer (move the second paragraph to the top).

Answer 2

Good question, my guess is that it has to do with the fact that object is a built-in/extension type.

>>> class test(object):
...  pass
...
>>> test.test = 1
>>> object.test = 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can't set attributes of built-in/extension type 'object'

IIRC, this has to do with the presence of a __dict__ attribute or, more correctly, setattr() blowing up when the object doesn't have a __dict__ attribute.