terminology

I am currently studying about Abstract Data Types (ADT's) but I don't get the concept at all. Can someone please explain to me what this actually is? Also what is collection, bag, and List ADT? in simple terms? Premraj Abstract Data Type(ADT) is a data type, where only behavior is defined but not implementation. Opposite of ADT is Concrete Data Type (CDT), where it contains an implementation of ADT. Examples: Array, List, Map, Queue, Set, Stack, Table, Tree, and Vector are ADTs. Each of these ADTs has many implementations i.e. CDT. The container is a high-level ADT of above all ADTs. Real life

Can someone please tell me what a finite state transducer is? I have read the Wikipedia article and don't understand a thing. A finite state transducer (FST) is a finite state automaton (FSA, FA) which produces output as well as reading input, which means it is useful for parsing (while a "bare" FSA can only be used for recognizing, i.e. pattern matching). An FST consists of a finite number of states which are linked by transitions labeled with an input/output pair. The FST starts out in a designated start state and jumps to different states depending on the input, while producing output

Lets have an example scenario: Client opens a web site and finds the sum of two numbers which he enters from the textboxes.Then clicks on the ADD button.Two parameters are HTTP GET'ed to server where PHP code is written to add the numbers and result is echo'ed. Based on this scenario could anybody explain the difference between Web services and application? In your case if you have User Interface for providing two numbers and then getting the result, it should be called a web application. But if you have an API exposed to receive two numbers and return result over http , then it should be

What is the Difference between a Hash and MAC (Message Authentication code)? By their definitions they seem to serve the same function. Can someone explain what the difference is? The main difference is conceptual: while hashes are used to guarantee the integrity of data, a MAC guarantees integrity AND authentication. This means that a hashcode is blindly generated from the message without any kind of external input: what you obtain is something that can be used to check if the message got any alteration during its travel. A MAC instead uses a private key as the seed to the hash function it

What is the difference between a thread/process/task? billu Process: A process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. It contains the program code and its current activity. Depending on the operating system (OS), a process may be made up of multiple threads of execution that execute instructions concurrently. Process-based multitasking enables you to run the Java compiler at the same time that you are using a text editor. In employing multiple processes with a single CPU,context switching between various memory context is used. Each process has a complete set of its own

Could someone please explain to me the differences between abstract classes , interfaces , and mixins ? I've used each before in my code but I don't know the technical differences. Eva Abstract Class An abstract class is a class that is not designed to be instantiated. Abstract classes can have no implementation, some implementation, or all implementation. Abstract classes are designed to allow its subclasses share a common (default) implementation. A (pseudocoded) example of an abstract class would be something like this abstract class Shape { def abstract area(); // abstract (unimplemented

Recently a teacher said "PHP isn't a real programming language", but only gave, in my opinion, weak justification: It's not compiled. It's scripted. It doesn't run on every platform. Is PHP not considered a "real" programming language? What is a "real" programming language? Must a language be compiled to be taken seriously? Background I did an induction lesson into my A-Level Computing Class in school two days ago – we're using Java for the first year of the course. I'm unfamiliar with Java but have a pretty good grasp on general programming fundamentals (variables, functions, object

In software engineering we create indexes all the time (e.g., in databases) but I also hear a lot of people talk about inverted indices. Is there something fundamentally different between the two? They sound like the same thing. One common use is "...to allow fast full-text searching." The two types denote directionality . One takes you forward through the index, and the other takes you backward (the inverse) through the index. That's it. There's no mystery to uncover here. Otherwise the two types are identical, it's just a question of what information you have , and as a result what

I'm wondering whether/what difference between First Class Function and High Order Function . I read through those two wiki pages and they looks rather similar. If they talking about same, why need two terminologies? Tried to google but have not found any useful thing. There is a difference. When you say that a language has first-class functions, it means that the language treats functions as values – that you can assign a function into a variable, pass it around etc. Higher-order functions are functions that work on other functions, meaning that they take one or more functions as an argument

I keep getting myself in knots when I am manipulating paths and file names, because I don't have a common naming system that I use. I need to come up with a naming standard and stick to it, and I would like to be clear and consistent with others, so I am opening up to learn the canonical answers. Consider this toy problem: (Windows example, but hopefully answer should be platform independent) You have been given the full name of a folder: C:\users\OddThinking\Documents\My Source. You want to walk the folders underneath, and compile all the .src to .obj. At some point you are looking at the