generic-programming

How does python handle generic/template type scenarios? Say I want to create an external file "BinaryTree.py" and have it handle binary trees, but for any data type. So I could pass it the type of a custom object and have a binary tree of that object. How is this done in python? Python uses duck typing , so it doesn't need special syntax to handle multiple types. If you're from a C++ background, you'll remember that, as long as the operations used in the template function/class are defined on some type T (at the syntax level), you can use that type T in the template. So, basically, it works

I currently try to write some lil literal console game for fun in C. For that, i need to be able to print window-like structures in ... well ... C. I want to use a generic rendering method (lets call it frame_render(...) ) to render all different "ui elements" The problem now is: how to solve this? given the scenario: // Theoretical base struct frame { int x; int y; int width; int height; } struct button { int x; int y; int width; int height; ... } struct whatever { int x; int y; int width; int height; ... } how could i ensure that my x , y , width and height are always in the correct spot

In the standard library, if a class type has a specialized swap algorithm, then it will have a member function swap and a free function swap that simply forwards to the member function. I don't quite get the rationale behind having both of them (and thus code duplication) but not just the free function one. Note that, when I say the free function, I take to mean the specialized free swap function, not the generic std::swap function template. Such a specialized function may have privileged access to the relevant class by being a friend of it. I have two points to support just leaving the free

Context: I am building an Excel document in a generic way with data i receive from a SOAP service endpoint. I receive the data as a List and i have the model (JavaBeans) for every Object i receive according to the method called. So I set the first row of the sheet as the header from the object's fields (getDeclaredFields). Then i go on filling up the column row by row with values from the list of objects. The problem: I haven't found a workable way of getting the object's field values. I have tried using the getters with the java reflection API with something like this answer's https:/

If I specific a method which return a generic class,how can I do than I can specific the type of generic class dynamicly ? for example try { Class c =Class.forName(keytype); Class d= Class.forName(valuetype); KafkaConsumer<c,d> consumerconsumer = new KafkaConsumer<c,d>(PropertiesUtil.getPropsObj(configPath)); return consumer ; } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } But the code above is not OK. How can I do than I can achieve that? Generic syntax is good at compile-time only. None of the types in a generic class or method are available at runtime. This is called type

Consider the class: class OnlyIntegerTypeAllowed<T> { OnlyIntegerTypeAllowed(Class<T> clazz) { System.out.println(clazz); if (clazz != Integer.class) throw new RuntimeException(); } } It is designed to accept only Type Arguments of Integer . We have added a if-throw check in its constructor. This is a very common way to check the Type Arguments. However, this checking can be bypassed (hacked, fooled) by: OnlyIntegerTypeAllowed<Integer> normalWay = new OnlyIntegerTypeAllowed<Integer>(Integer.class); OnlyIntegerTypeAllowed<String> hacking = new OnlyIntegerTypeAllowed<String>((Class<String>)