When should I pass or return a struct by value?

Question

A struct can be either passed/returned by value or passed/returned by reference (via a pointer) in C.

The general consensus seems to be that the former can be applie

Answer 1

Note: reasons to do so one way or the other overlap.

When to pass/return by value:

1. The object is a fundamental type like int, double, pointer.
2. A binary copy of the object must be made - and object is not large.
3. Speed is important and passing by value is faster.

4. The object is conceptually a smallish numeric

   struct quaternion {
     long double i,j,k;
   }
   struct pixel {
     uint16_t r,g,b;
   }
   struct money {
     intmax_t;
     int exponent;
   }
   

When to use a pointer to the object

5. Unsure if value or a pointer to value is better - so this is the default choice.
6. The object is large.
7. Speed is important and passing by a pointer to the object is faster.
8. Stack usage is critical. (Strictly this may favor by value in some cases)
9. Modifications to the passed object are needed.

10. Object needs memory management.

    struct mystring {
      char *s;
      size_t length;
      size_t size;
    }
    

Notes: Recall that in C, nothing is truly passed by reference. Even passing a pointer is passed by value, as the value of the pointer is copied and passed.

I prefer passing numbers, be they int or pixel by value as it is conceptually easier to understand code. Passing numerics by address is conceptual a bit more difficult. With larger numeric objects, it may be faster to pass by address.

Objects having their address passed may use restrict to inform the function the objects do not overlap.