To have something more exciting, change your example code to
public static void main(String... args) { System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.version")); List<String> strings=Arrays.asList("qwe", "rtz", "123", "qwea", "12334rasefasd", "asdxasd", "arfskt6734", "123121", "", "qwr", "rtzz", "1234", "qwes", "1234rasefasd", "asdxasdq", "arfskt6743", "123121 ", " "); for (int i = 5; i < 26; i++) { Set<String> stringSet = new HashSet<>(1<<i); stringSet.addAll(strings); System.out.println(stringSet); } }
This still adds the same strings in the same order to a HashSet
, but the HashSet
has been initialized with different capacities.
The result is
1.7.0_51 [, , qwea, 123, asdxasdq, qwe, qwr, 123121 , arfskt6743, 1234rasefasd, qwes, rtzz, rtz, 1234, 12334rasefasd, arfskt6734, asdxasd, 123121] [, qwr, arfskt6743, rtzz, 12334rasefasd, , qwea, 123, asdxasdq, qwe, 123121 , 1234rasefasd, qwes, rtz, 1234, arfskt6734, asdxasd, 123121] [, qwr, arfskt6743, rtzz, 12334rasefasd, , 123, rtz, 1234, arfskt6734, asdxasd, 123121, qwea, asdxasdq, qwe, 123121 , 1234rasefasd, qwes] [, qwr, arfskt6743, rtzz, 12334rasefasd, , arfskt6734, asdxasd, 123121, 123121 , 1234rasefasd, 123, rtz, 1234, qwea, asdxasdq, qwe, qwes] [, rtzz, , 123121, 123121 , 1234rasefasd, 123, rtz, qwea, asdxasdq, qwe, qwes, qwr, arfskt6743, 12334rasefasd, arfskt6734, asdxasd, 1234] [, rtzz, , 123121, 123, asdxasdq, 123121 , 1234rasefasd, rtz, qwea, qwe, qwes, qwr, arfskt6743, 12334rasefasd, arfskt6734, asdxasd, 1234] [, , 123121, asdxasdq, 1234rasefasd, rtz, qwea, qwes, arfskt6743, 12334rasefasd, arfskt6734, asdxasd, rtzz, 123, 123121 , qwe, qwr, 1234] [, , 123121, 1234rasefasd, rtz, qwea, qwes, asdxasd, rtzz, 123, 1234, asdxasdq, arfskt6743, 12334rasefasd, arfskt6734, 123121 , qwe, qwr] [, , rtz, asdxasd, rtzz, arfskt6743, 12334rasefasd, arfskt6734, 123121 , qwe, qwr, 123121, 1234rasefasd, qwea, qwes, 123, 1234, asdxasdq] [, , arfskt6743, 12334rasefasd, arfskt6734, qwea, qwes, 1234, asdxasdq, rtz, asdxasd, rtzz, 123121 , qwe, qwr, 123121, 1234rasefasd, 123] [, , qwea, qwes, rtz, asdxasd, rtzz, 123121 , qwe, qwr, 123, arfskt6743, 12334rasefasd, arfskt6734, 1234, asdxasdq, 123121, 1234rasefasd] [, , qwea, qwes, asdxasd, 1234, asdxasdq, 123121, 1234rasefasd, rtz, rtzz, 123121 , qwe, qwr, 123, arfskt6743, 12334rasefasd, arfskt6734] [, , qwea, qwes, asdxasd, 1234, 1234rasefasd, rtzz, 123121 , 123, arfskt6743, arfskt6734, asdxasdq, 123121, rtz, qwe, qwr, 12334rasefasd] [, , 1234rasefasd, 123, asdxasdq, rtz, qwe, qwr, 12334rasefasd, qwea, qwes, asdxasd, 1234, rtzz, 123121 , arfskt6743, arfskt6734, 123121] [, , 123, asdxasdq, rtz, qwe, qwr, 12334rasefasd, 123121 , 123121, 1234rasefasd, qwea, qwes, asdxasd, 1234, rtzz, arfskt6743, arfskt6734] [, , 123, asdxasdq, rtz, qwe, qwr, 12334rasefasd, 1234rasefasd, qwea, qwes, asdxasd, 1234, rtzz, 123121 , 123121, arfskt6743, arfskt6734] [, , 123, rtz, qwe, qwr, 12334rasefasd, asdxasd, asdxasdq, 1234rasefasd, qwea, qwes, 1234, rtzz, 123121 , 123121, arfskt6743, arfskt6734] [, , 123, rtz, qwe, qwr, asdxasd, asdxasdq, 1234, arfskt6743, arfskt6734, 12334rasefasd, 1234rasefasd, qwea, qwes, rtzz, 123121 , 123121] [, , 123, rtz, qwe, qwr, asdxasdq, 1234, 12334rasefasd, 1234rasefasd, qwea, qwes, rtzz, 123121 , 123121, asdxasd, arfskt6743, arfskt6734] [, , 123, rtz, qwe, qwr, 1234, 12334rasefasd, qwea, qwes, rtzz, 123121 , asdxasdq, 1234rasefasd, 123121, asdxasd, arfskt6743, arfskt6734] [, , 123, rtz, qwe, qwr, 1234, qwea, qwes, rtzz, 12334rasefasd, 123121 , asdxasdq, 1234rasefasd, 123121, asdxasd, arfskt6743, arfskt6734]
1.8.0_111 [, , qwes, arfskt6743, asdxasdq, 123121, 123121 , arfskt6734, qwr, 123, 1234, qwea, rtzz, rtz, 12334rasefasd, 1234rasefasd, qwe, asdxasd] [, 123121, arfskt6734, qwr, 1234, asdxasd, , qwes, arfskt6743, asdxasdq, 123121 , 123, qwea, rtzz, rtz, 12334rasefasd, 1234rasefasd, qwe] [, arfskt6734, qwr, , arfskt6743, asdxasdq, 123, rtzz, 123121, 1234, asdxasd, qwes, 123121 , qwea, rtz, 12334rasefasd, 1234rasefasd, qwe] [, qwr, , 123, rtzz, 1234, asdxasd, qwes, 123121 , qwea, rtz, 1234rasefasd, arfskt6734, arfskt6743, asdxasdq, 123121, 12334rasefasd, qwe] [, , 123, 1234, rtz, arfskt6734, arfskt6743, asdxasdq, 123121, 12334rasefasd, qwe, qwr, rtzz, asdxasd, qwes, 123121 , qwea, 1234rasefasd] [, , 1234, asdxasdq, 123121, 12334rasefasd, rtzz, asdxasd, qwes, 123121 , qwea, 123, rtz, arfskt6734, arfskt6743, qwe, qwr, 1234rasefasd] [, , 1234, 12334rasefasd, qwes, qwea, rtz, asdxasdq, 123121, rtzz, asdxasd, 123121 , 123, arfskt6734, arfskt6743, qwe, qwr, 1234rasefasd] [, , asdxasdq, rtzz, 123121 , arfskt6734, arfskt6743, qwe, qwr, 1234, 12334rasefasd, qwes, qwea, rtz, 123121, asdxasd, 123, 1234rasefasd] [, , asdxasdq, 123121 , arfskt6734, arfskt6743, 1234, 12334rasefasd, qwes, qwea, 123121, asdxasd, 1234rasefasd, rtzz, qwe, qwr, rtz, 123] [, , asdxasdq, 1234, rtzz, 123121 , arfskt6734, arfskt6743, 12334rasefasd, qwes, qwea, 123121, asdxasd, 1234rasefasd, qwe, qwr, rtz, 123] [, , 1234, rtzz, 123121 , arfskt6734, arfskt6743, 12334rasefasd, qwes, qwea, 123121, asdxasd, qwe, qwr, rtz, 123, asdxasdq, 1234rasefasd] [, , 1234, 123121 , arfskt6734, arfskt6743, qwes, qwea, asdxasd, rtzz, 12334rasefasd, 123121, qwe, qwr, rtz, 123, asdxasdq, 1234rasefasd] [, , arfskt6734, arfskt6743, asdxasd, 123, asdxasdq, 1234rasefasd, 1234, 123121 , qwes, qwea, rtzz, 12334rasefasd, 123121, qwe, qwr, rtz] [, , arfskt6734, arfskt6743, 123, asdxasdq, 123121 , qwes, qwea, rtzz, 12334rasefasd, 123121, qwe, qwr, rtz, asdxasd, 1234rasefasd, 1234] [, , 123, 123121 , qwe, qwr, rtz, asdxasd, 1234rasefasd, arfskt6734, arfskt6743, asdxasdq, qwes, qwea, rtzz, 12334rasefasd, 123121, 1234] [, , 123, qwe, qwr, rtz, asdxasd, 1234rasefasd, arfskt6734, arfskt6743, qwes, qwea, rtzz, 123121, 1234, 123121 , asdxasdq, 12334rasefasd] [, , 123, qwe, qwr, rtz, arfskt6734, arfskt6743, 123121 , asdxasdq, asdxasd, 1234rasefasd, qwes, qwea, rtzz, 123121, 1234, 12334rasefasd] [, , 123, qwe, qwr, rtz, arfskt6734, arfskt6743, 123121 , 1234, 12334rasefasd, asdxasdq, asdxasd, 1234rasefasd, qwes, qwea, rtzz, 123121] [, , 123, qwe, qwr, rtz, arfskt6734, arfskt6743, 1234, asdxasdq, asdxasd, 1234rasefasd, qwes, qwea, rtzz, 123121 , 12334rasefasd, 123121] [, , 123, qwe, qwr, rtz, 1234, asdxasdq, asdxasd, qwes, qwea, rtzz, 123121 , 12334rasefasd, 123121, arfskt6734, arfskt6743, 1234rasefasd] [, , 123, qwe, qwr, rtz, 1234, qwes, qwea, rtzz, 123121 , 123121, arfskt6734, arfskt6743, asdxasdq, asdxasd, 12334rasefasd, 1234rasefasd]
This demonstrates that the iteration order is not only depending on the particular implementation, but also on the history of the HashSet
. A higher capacity might also be the result of being previously bigger but having elements removed.
hash collision or just a bucket collision.
HashSet
will only use the tree, if there are a certain number of collisions at a bucket, otherwise, it also uses a linked list. To avoid switching back and forth between these variants, it uses different thresholds for converting to a tree and for converting back to a linked list. So, if the number of collision is in-between these threshold, it will again depend on the set’s history, i.e. whether there were more elements previously, which form and hence which order it will have.
The reason is that now that collisions are handled more efficiently, the attempts to avoid collisions have been reduced. In , hash codes underwent the following transformation before getting mapped to array positions:
h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12); return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
In contrast, uses the following transformation:
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
This has an immediate impact on the iteration order, even if no collisions occurred.