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整理这篇文章的动机是两个问题： 问题一： 使用Windows记事本的“另存为”，可以在GBK、Unicode、Unicode big endian和UTF-8这几种编码方式间相互转换。同样是txt文件，Windows是怎样识别编码方式的呢？ 我很早前就发现Unicode、Unicode big endian和UTF-8编码的txt文件的开头会多出几个字节，分别是FF、FE（Unicode）,FE、FF（Unicode big endian）,EF、BB、BF（UTF-8）。但这些标记是基于什么标准呢？ 问题二： 最近在网上看到一个ConvertUTF.c，实现了UTF-32、UTF-16和UTF-8这三种编码方式的相互转换。对于Unicode(UCS2)、GBK、UTF-8这些编码方式，我原来就了解。但这个程序让我有些糊涂，想不起来UTF-16和UCS2有什么关系。 查了查相关资料，总算将这些问题弄清楚了，顺带也了解了一些Unicode的细节。写成一篇文章，送给有过类似疑问的朋友。本文在写作时尽量做到通俗易懂，但要求读者知道什么是字节，什么是十六进制。 ###0、big endian和little endian big endian和little endian是CPU处理多字节数的不同方式。例如“汉”字的Unicode编码是6C49。那么写到文件里时，究竟是将6C写在前面

I tried to persist UTF-8 as the default encoding in Python. I tried: >>> import sys >>> sys.getdefaultencoding() 'ascii' And I also tried: >>> import sys >>> reload(sys) <module 'sys' (built-in)> >>> sys.setdefaultencoding('UTF8') >>> sys.getdefaultencoding() 'UTF8' >>> But after closing the session and opening a new session, the following was the result: >>> import sys >>> sys.getdefaultencoding() 'ascii' How can I persist my changes? (I know that it's not always a good idea to change to UTF-8. It's in a Docker container of Python). I know it's possible. I saw someone who has UTF-8 as his

Currently, I have my webpage set to Unicode/UTF-8. When trying to display a special character (for example, em dash, double arrow, etc), it shows up as a question mark symbol. I cannot change these characters to the HTML entity equivalent. How can I circumvent this issue? A question mark in a lozenge, �, indicates a character-level error: the data contains bytes that do no represent any character, according to the character encoding being applied. This typically happens when the document is declared as UTF-8 encoded but is really in iso-8859-1, windows-1252, or some similar encoding. Windows

注：由于两边同步的麻烦，更多更改及调整可参考我的网站： xiaogd.net 上的 字符集编码与乱码系列 ，已将字符集编码系列与乱码探源系列合并，更新及勘误等不再更新到这边。 前面谈到不少的Unicode，但一直没有系统地谈及Unicode的方方面面，所以本篇文章专门谈谈Unicode，当然了，Unicode是一个庞大的主题，这里也是拣些重要的方面谈谈而已，免不了挂一漏万。 什么是Unicode？ 按Unicode官方的说法，Unicode是Unicode Standard（Unicode标准）的简写，所以Unicode即是指Unicode标准。 按wiki的说法，它是一个计算机工业标准（a computing industry standard）。 下图来自 http://www.unicode.org/standard/WhatIsUnicode.html 中的截图，在这里我把中文和英文的合在一起 这样一个所谓的一个唯一的数字在Unicode中就叫做 码点 。 Unicode中的码点是什么？ 字符集通常又叫” 编码 字符集”（ coded charset），这里的 coded 与”字符集 编码 ”（charset encoding ）中的 encoding 是不同的。 一个是 code ，一个是 encode ，翻译时都可以译成”编码”，但把 coded charset译成”

i'm trying to convert xml to html using xslt . Am using java.xml.transform to do this in java. it was working fine until i bumped into some xml . it said the following error. [Fatal Error] :1:1: Content is not allowed in prolog. javax.xml.transform.TransformerConfigurationException: javax.xml.transform.TransformerConfigurationException: javax.xml.transform.TransformerException: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Content is not allowed in prolog. so i made sure there is no character before the xml declaration. i even took care of BOM using the solution http://forums.sun.com/thread.jspa?messageID

I have an html file test.html created with atom which contains: Testé encoding utf-8 When I read it with Powershell console (I'm using French Windows) Get-Content -Raw test.html I get back this: Testé encoding utf-8 Why is the accent character not printing correctly? The Atom editor creates UTF-8 files without a pseudo-BOM by default (which is the right thing to do, from a cross-platform perspective). Other popular cross-platform editors, such as Visual Studio Code and Sublime Text , behave the same way. Windows PowerShell [1] only recognizes UTF-8 files with a pseudo-BOM . In the absence of