Is this a covariance bug in C# 4?

问题

In the following piece of code I expected to be able to implicitly cast from elements to baseElements because TBase is implicitly convertible to IBase.

public interface IBase { }
public interface IDerived : IBase { }
public class VarianceBug
{
    public void Foo<TBase>() where TBase : IBase
    {
        IEnumerable<TBase> elements = null;
        IEnumerable<IDerived> derivedElements = null;
        IEnumerable<IBase> baseElements;

        // works fine
        baseElements = derivedElements;

        // error CS0266: Cannot implicitly convert type 
        //   \'System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<TBase>\' to 
        //   \'System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<IBase>\'. 
        //   An explicit conversion exists (are you missing a cast?)
        baseElements = elements;
    }
}

However, I get the error that is mentioned in the comment.

Quoting from the spec:

A type T<A1, …, An> is variance-convertible to a type T<B1, …, Bn> if T is either an interface or a delegate type declared with the variant type parameters T<X1, …, Xn>, and for each variant type parameter Xi one of the following holds:

Xi is covariant and an implicit reference or identity conversion exists from Ai to Bi

Xi is contravariant and an implicit reference or identity conversion exists from Bi to Ai

Xi is invariant and an identity conversion exists from Ai to Bi

Checking my code, it appears to be consistent with the spec:

IEnumerable<out T> is an interface type
IEnumerable<out T> is declared with variant type parameters
T is covariant
an implicit reference conversion exists from TBase to IBase

So - is it a bug in the C# 4 compiler?

回答1:

Variance only works for reference-types (or there is an identity conversion). It is not known that TBase is reference type, unless you add : class:

 public void Foo<TBase>() where TBase : class, IBase

since I could write a:

public struct Evil : IBase {}

回答2:

Marc is correct - I was just about to paste the same response.

See the Covariance & Contravariance FAQ:

http://blogs.msdn.com/csharpfaq/archive/2010/02/16/covariance-and-contravariance-faq.aspx

From the FAQ:

"Variance is supported only if a type parameter is a reference type."

Variance is not supported for value types

The following doesn’t compile either:

// int is a value type, so the code doesn't compile.
IEnumerable<Object> objects = new List<int>(); // Compiler error here.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2783233/is-this-a-covariance-bug-in-c-sharp-4

标签

generics

covariance