1 使用模块
class Singleton(object):
def foo(self):
pass
singleton = Singleton()
将上面的代码保存在文件 mysingleton.py 中,要使用时,直接在其他文件中导入此文件中的对象,这个对象即是单例模式的对象
2 使用装饰器
def Singleton(cls):
_instance = {}
def _singleton(*args, **kargs):
if cls not in _instance:
_instance[cls] = cls(*args, **kargs)
return _instance[cls]
return _singleton
@Singleton
class A(object):
a = 1
def __init__(self, x=0):
self.x = x
a1 = A(2)
a2 = A(3)
3 使用类
class Singleton(object):
def __init__(self):
pass
@classmethod
def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
一般情况,大家以为这样就完成了单例模式,但是这样当使用多线程时会存在问题
4 基于__new__方法实现(推荐使用,方便)
通过上面例子,我们可以知道,当我们实现单例时,为了保证线程安全需要在内部加入锁
我们知道,当我们实例化一个对象时,是先执行了类的__new__方法(我们没写时,默认调用object.__new__),实例化对象;然后再执行类的__init__方法,对这个对象进行初始化,所有我们可以基于这个,实现单例模式
import threading
class Singleton(object):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self):
pass
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
with Singleton._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = object.__new__(cls)
return Singleton._instance
obj1 = Singleton()
obj2 = Singleton()
print(obj1,obj2)
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton()
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
t.start()
5 .基于metaclass方式实现
class SingletonType(type):
def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
super(SingletonType,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): # 这里的cls,即Foo类
print('cls',cls)
obj = cls.__new__(cls,*args, **kwargs)
cls.__init__(obj,*args, **kwargs) # Foo.__init__(obj)
return obj
class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType): # 指定创建Foo的type为SingletonType
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
return object.__new__(cls)
obj = Foo('xx')