Why does reduce give a StackOverflowError in Clojure?

Question

I'm trying to concatenate a Seq of Seqs.

I can do it with apply concat.

user=> (count (apply concat (repeat 3000 (repeat 3000 true))))
9000000

However, from my limited knowledge, I would assume that the use of apply forces the lazy Seq to be realised, and that doesn't seem right for very large inputs. I'd rather do this lazily if I can.

So I thought that using reduce would do the job.

user=> (count (reduce concat (repeat 3000 (repeat 3000 true))))

But this results in

StackOverflowError   clojure.lang.RT.seq (RT.java:484)

I'm surprised because I would have thought that the semantics of reduce would mean it was tail-call recursive.

Two questions:

• Is apply the best way to do this?
• Is reduce generally inappropriate for large inputs?

Answer 1

Use apply. When the function argument is lazy, so is apply.

Let's check that with a counting side effect on the underlying sub-sequences:

(def counter (atom 0))

(def ss (repeatedly 3000 
          (fn [] (repeatedly 3000 
            (fn [] (do (swap! counter inc) true))))))


(def foo (apply concat ss))

so.core=> @counter
0

so.core=> (dorun (take 1 foo))
nil

so.core=> @counter
1

so.core=> (dorun (take 3001 foo))
nil

so.core=> @counter
3001

---

reduce with a large number of concats overflows due to thunk composition

Lazy sequences, such as those produced by concat are implemented with thunks, delayed function calls. When you concat the result of a concat you have nested a thunk within another thunk. In your function, the nesting goes 3000 deep and thus the stack is overflowed as soon as the first item is requested and the 3000 nested thunks are unwound.

so.core=>  (def bar (reduce concat (repeat 3000 (repeat 3000 true))))
#'so.core/bar

so.core=> (first bar)
StackOverflowError   clojure.lang.LazySeq.seq (LazySeq.java:49)

The implementation of lazy-sequences will in general unwind nested thunks trampoline style when seqed and not blow the stack:

so.core=> (loop [lz [1], n 0] 
            (if (< n 3000) (recur (lazy-seq lz) (inc n)) lz))
(1)

However, if you call seq within the lazy-sequence on the unrealized portion while realizing it...

so.core=> (loop [lz [1], n 0] 
            (if (< n 3000) (recur (lazy-seq (seq lz)) (inc n)) lz))
StackOverflowError   so.core/eval1405/fn--1406 (form-init584039696026177116.clj:1)

so.core=> (pst 3000)

StackOverflowError
        so.core/eval1619/fn--1620 (form-init584039696026177116.clj:2)
        clojure.lang.LazySeq.sval (LazySeq.java:40)
        clojure.lang.LazySeq.seq (LazySeq.java:49)
        clojure.lang.RT.seq (RT.java:484)
        clojure.core/seq (core.clj:133)
        so.core/eval1619/fn--1620 (form-init584039696026177116.clj:2)
        clojure.lang.LazySeq.sval (LazySeq.java:40)
        clojure.lang.LazySeq.seq (LazySeq.java:49)
        clojure.lang.RT.seq (RT.java:484)
        clojure.core/seq (core.clj:133)
        ... (repeatedly)

Then you end up building seq stack frames. The implementation of concat is such. Examine the stack trace for your StackOverflowError with concat and you will see similar.

Answer 2

I can suggest a way to avoid the problem. The reduce function isn't the problem here; concat is.

Take a look at: https://stuartsierra.com/2015/04/26/clojure-donts-concat

Instead of using concat use into

(count (reduce into (repeat 3000 (repeat 3000 true))))
9000000