ICollection<T> not Covariant?

问题

The purpose of this is to synchronize two collections, sender-side & receiver-side, containing a graph edge, so that when something happens (remove edge, add edge, etc) both sides are notified.

To do so, (back-)references to the collections were included in the element in collections

class EdgeBase {
    EdgeBase(ICollection<EdgeBase> rCol, ICollection<EdgeBase> sCol)     
    { RecvCol=rCol;  SendCol=sCol; }      
    ICollection<EdgeBase> RecvCol;      
    ICollection<EdgeBase> SendCol;       
    public virtual void Disconnect() // Synchronized deletion         
    { RecvCol.Remove(this);  SendCol.Remove(this); }                 
}         
class Edge : EdgeBase {       
    Edge(ICollection<EdgeBase> rCol, ICollection<EdgeBase> sCol)     
    : base(rCol, sCol) {}
    int Weight;     
}      

Deletion (Disconnect) was ok , but the problem occurred during creation:

HashSet<Edge> receiverSet, senderSet;
var edge = new Edge(receiverSet, senderSet); // Can't convert Edge to EdgeBase!

Although Edge is derived from EdgeBase, this is illegal. (The problem is Edge part, not HashSet<> part.)

After writing hundreds of lines I found out ICollection<> is not covariant as is IEnumerable<>.

What could be a workaround?

EDIT:

If I wrote the code above while not breaking the C#'s covariance rules it would have been like this:

public class EdgeBase<T, U>
    where T : ICollection<U<T>> // illegal
    where U : EdgeBase<T, U>    // legal, but introduces self-reference
{
    public EdgeBase(T recvCol, T sendCol) {...}
    protected T ReceiverCollection;
    protected T SenderCollection;
    public virtual void Disconnect() {...}
}

But this is illegal; 'U' can't be used with formal parameter T.

回答1:

Eric Lippert said that C# will only support type-safe covariance and contravariance. If you would think of it, making ICollection covariant is not type-safe.

Let's say you have

ICollection<Dog> dogList = new List<Dog>();
ICollection<Mammal> mammalList = dogList; //illegal but for the sake of showing, do it
mammalList.Add(new Cat());

Your mammalList (which is actually a dogList) would now then contain a Cat.

IEnumerable<T> is covariant because you cannot Add to it... you can only read from it -- which, in turn, preserves type-safety.

回答2:

You're messing with type safety basically. Your backing collection is an ICollection<EdgeBase> (which means you can add any EdgeBase into it) but what you're passing a very specific type, HashSet<Edge>. How would you add (or remove) AnotherEdgeBaseDerived into HashSet<Edge>? If that is the case then this should be possible:

edge.Add(anotherEdgeBaseDerived); // which is weird, and rightly not compilable

If you perform a cast yourself and pass a separate list then that's compilable. Something like:

HashSet<Edge> receiverSet, senderSet;
var edge = new Edge(receiverSet.Cast<EdgeBase>().ToList(), 
                    senderSet.Cast<EdgeBase>().ToList()); 

which means your receiverSet and senderSet are now out of sync with base list in Edge. You can either have type safety or sync (same reference), you cant have both.

I worry if there exist no good solution to this, but for a good reason. Either pass HashSet<EdgeBase> to Edge constructor (better) or let EdgeBase collections be ICollection<Edge> (which seems very odd to do).

Or, the best you can have given the design constraints imo is generic

class EdgeBase<T> where T : EdgeBase<T>
{

}

class Edge : EdgeBase<Edge>
{
    public Edge(ICollection<Edge> rCol, ICollection<Edge> sCol) : base(rCol, sCol)
    {

    }
}

Now you can call as usual:

HashSet<Edge> receiverSet = new HashSet<Edge>(), senderSet = new HashSet<Edge>();
var edge = new Edge(receiverSet, senderSet);

To me the fundamental problem is the fuzzy and smelly design. An EdgeBase instance holding a lot of similar instances, including more derived ones? Why not EdgeBase, Edge and EdgeCollection separately? But you know your design better.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16996626/icollectiont-not-covariant