Alternative to python hash function for arbitrary objects

问题

In python2.7, I'm successfully using hash() to place objects into buckets stored persistently on disk. A mockup code looks like this:

class PersistentDict(object):
  def __setitem__(self, key, value):
    bucket_index = (hash(key)&0xffffffff) % self.bucket_count
    self._store_to_bucket(bucket_index, key, value)

  def __getitem__(self, key):
    bucket_index = (hash(key)&0xffffffff) % self.bucket_count
    return self._fetch_from_bucket(bucket_index)[key]

In python3, hash() uses a random or fixed salt, which makes it unusable/suboptimal for this [1]. Apparently, it's not possible to use a fixed salt for specific invocations. So, I need an alternative:

• Must be stable across interpreter invocations
• May require parameters supplied at execution time, e.g. setting a salt in the call
• Must support arbitrary objects (anything supported by dict/set)

I've already tried using hash functions from hashlib (slow!) and checksums from zlib (apparently not ideal for hashing, but meh) which work fine with strings/bytes. However, they work only on bytes-like objects, whereas hash() works with almost everything.

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[1] Using hash() to identify buckets is either:

• Not reliable across interpreter invocations, if salts are random
• Prevents applications from using the random salting feature, if salts are fixed
• Unusable if two PersistentDicts were created with different salts

回答1:

I've had success using a combination of hash and zlib.adler32. The most straightforward implementation is this:

def hashkey(obj, salt=0):
  """
  Create a key suitable for use in hashmaps

  :param obj: object for which to create a key
  :type: str, bytes, :py:class:`datetime.datetime`, object
  :param salt: an optional salt to add to the key value
  :type salt: int
  :return: numeric key to `obj`
  :rtype: int
  """
  if obj is None:
    return 0
  if isinstance(obj, str):
    return zlib.adler32(obj.encode(), salt) & 0xffffffff
  elif isinstance(obj, bytes):
    return zlib.adler32(obj, salt) & 0xffffffff
  elif isinstance(obj, datetime_type):
    return zlib.adler32(str(obj).encode(), salt) & 0xffffffff
  return hash(obj) & 0xffffffff

With Python 3.4.3, this is a lot slower than calling plain hash, which takes roughly 0.07 usec. For a regular object, hashkey takes ~1.0 usec instead. 0.8 usec for bytes and 0.7 for str.

Overhead is roughly as follows:

• 0.1 usec for the function call (hash(obj) vs def pyhash(obj): return hash(obj))
• 0.2 usec to 0.5 usec for selecting the hash function via isinstance
• 0.75 usec for zlib.adler32 or zlib.crc32 vs hash: ~0.160 usec vs ~ 0.75 usec (adler and crc are +/- 4 usec)
• 0.15 usec for obj.encode() of str objects ("foobar")
• 1.5 usec for str(obj).encode() of datetime.datetime objects

The most optimization comes from ordering of the if statements. If one mostly expects plain objects, the following is the fastest I could come up with:

def hashkey_c(obj, salt=0):
  if obj.__class__ in hashkey_c.types:
    if obj is None:
      return 0
    if obj.__class__ is str:
      return zlib.adler32(obj.encode(), salt) & 0xffffffff
    elif obj.__class__ is bytes:
      return zlib.adler32(obj, salt) & 0xffffffff
    elif obj.__class__ is datetime_type:
      return zlib.adler32(str(obj).encode(), salt) & 0xffffffff
  return hash(obj) & 0xffffffff
hashkey_c.types = {str, bytes, datetime_type, type(None)}

Total time: ~0.7 usec for str and bytes, abysmal for datetime, 0.35 usec for objects, ints, etc. Using a dict to map type to hash comparable, if one uses an explicit check on the dict keys (aka types) separately (i.e. not obj.__class__ in hashkey.dict_types but obj.__class__ in hashkey.explicit_dict_types).

---

Some additional notes:

• hash is not stable across interpreter starts for any object using the default __hash__ implementation, including None
• It does not work properly for immutable containers (which define __hash__) containing a salted type, e.g. (1, 2, 'three')

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38009699/alternative-to-python-hash-function-for-arbitrary-objects