我们在平常类的构建过程中,可能会面临很多问题,可扩张性、安全性等等。想象一下,这样一个场景,我们现在要创建一个类,其中有6个属性,其中又有4个属性的值是不太确定的(可能某个对象就不需要其中的某个值),这时我们怎么创建这个类呢?以下是几种方法:
使用普通构造器
1 public class Test {
2 private int servingSize;
3 private int servings;
4 private int calories;
5 private int fat;
6 private int sodium;
7 private int carbohydrate;
8
9 public Test(int servingSize, int servings) {
10 this.servingSize = servingSize;
11 this.servings = servings;
12 this.calories = 0;
13 }
14
15 public Test(int servingSize, int servings, int calories) {
16 this.servingSize = servingSize;
17 this.servings = servings;
18 this.calories = calories;
19 this.fat = 0;
20 }
21
22 public Test(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat) {
23 this.servingSize = servingSize;
24 this.servings = servings;
25 this.calories = calories;
26 this.fat = fat;
27 this.sodium = 0;
28 }
29
30 public Test(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat, int sodium) {
31 this.servingSize = servingSize;
32 this.servings = servings;
33 this.calories = calories;
34 this.fat = fat;
35 this.sodium = sodium;
36 this.carbohydrate = 0;
37 }
38
39 public Test(int servingSize, int servings, int calories, int fat, int sodium, int carbohydrate) {
40 this.servingSize = servingSize;
41 this.servings = servings;
42 this.calories = calories;
43 this.fat = fat;
44 this.sodium = sodium;
45 this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
46 }
47
48 }
我们完成该类构建后,接下来就是调用的过程:
1 public static void main(String[] args) {
2 Test test = new Test(1,2,3,0,5,6);
3 }
如上所示,在实例化对象时,我们需要传入相应的值,这时发现:
- 第四个参数不是我们需要的,但是还不得不给他传递一个值
- 我们在传值时,很容易出错,某两个参数值互换了位置,这在工作时是不好发现的,但是程序会报错
所以上面的方式在涉及到参数比较多,而且参数值不太确定是否需要时,这种方法会给我们的编码以及后期维护带来很大的困扰,我们再改进一下。
JavaBeans模式
1 public class Test {
2 private int servingSize;
3 private int servings;
4 private int calories;
5 private int fat;
6 private int sodium;
7 private int carbohydrate;
8
9 public Test() {
10
11 }
12
13 public void setServingSize(int servingSize) {
14 this.servingSize = servingSize;
15 }
16
17 public void setServings(int servings) {
18 this.servings = servings;
19 }
20
21 public void setCalories(int calories) {
22 this.calories = calories;
23 }
24
25 public void setFat(int fat) {
26 this.fat = fat;
27 }
28
29 public void setSodium(int sodium) {
30 this.sodium = sodium;
31 }
32
33 public void setCarbohydrate(int carbohydrate) {
34 this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
35 }
36
37
38 }
如上,我们先创建一个无参构造方法(可以不写出来,会默认创建),接下来就是利用setter方法给属性赋值
1 public static void main(String[] args) {
2 Test test = new Test();
3 test.setServingSize(1);
4 test.setCalories(2);
5 test.setCalories(3);
6 test.setSodium(5);
7 test.setCarbohydrate(6);
8 }
如上,我们需要的对象不需要fat属性,我们就不用给其赋值,这中方法有几个好处:
- 客户端调用简单,也就是实例化对象的过程十分简单,并且不会出现把值传递出错的风险
- 别人能够很好的使用且理解简单
但是我们知道,javaBeans有个缺点:
- 线程不安全,因为对象的创建分在了好几步的过程中,不能保证对象状态的一致性
我们可以确保线程的安全,这就需要我们额外的精力(我们可以在对象构造完成,并且不允许在冻结之前使用时,手动冻结,实际中很少使用,编译器无法确定我们是否调用的freeze方法
)。因此这种方法也不够理想,还有什么继续改进的地方吗?
构建器(建造者模式的一种形式)
1 public class Test {
2 private int servingSize;
3 private int servings;
4 private int calories;
5 private int fat;
6 private int sodium;
7 private int carbohydrate;
8
9 public static class Builder {
10 private int servingSize;
11 private int servings;
12 private int calories;
13 private int fat;
14 private int sodium;
15 private int carbohydrate;
16
17 public Builder (int servingSize, int servings) {
18 this.servingSize = servingSize;
19 this.servings = servings;
20 }
21
22 public Builder calories(int calories) {
23 calories = calories;
24 return this;
25 }
26
27 public Builder fat(int fat) {
28 fat = fat;
29 return this;
30 }
31
32 public Builder sodium(int sodium) {
33 sodium = sodium;
34 return this;
35 }
36
37 public Builder carbohydrate(int carbohydrate) {
38 carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
39 return this;
40 }
41
42 public Test builder () {
43 return new Test(this);
44 }
45 }
46
47 private Test(Builder builder) {
48 servingSize = builder.servingSize;
49 servings = builder.servings;
50 calories = builder.calories;
51 fat = builder.fat;
52 sodium = builder.sodium;
53 carbohydrate = builder.carbohydrate;
54 }
55 }
调用方式:
1 public static void main(String[] args) {
2 Test test = new Builder(1,2).calories(3).fat(4).sodium(5).carbohydrate(6).builder();
3}
这样就保证了对象在不变的情况下,简单明了地实现了对象实例化(至于代码中的内部类,我们以后细说)。
来源:https://www.cnblogs.com/zndy/p/10446441.html