Python multiple inheritance: Whats wrong doing it dynamically?

问题

Based on this answer, of how __new__ and __init__ are supposed to work in Python,

I wrote this code to dynamically define and create a new class and object.

class A(object):
    def __new__(cls):
      class C(cls, B):
          pass
      self = C()
      return self

    def foo(self):
      print 'foo'

class B(object):
    def bar(self):
      print 'bar'

a = A()
a.foo()
a.bar()

Basically, because the __new__ of A returns a dynamically created C that inherits A and B, it should have an attribute bar.

Why does C not have a bar attribute?

回答1:

Resolve the infinite recursion:

class A(object):
  def __new__(cls):
    class C(cls, B):
      pass
    self = object.__new__(C)
    return self

(Thanks to balpha for pointing out the actual question.)

回答2:

Since there is no actual question in the question, I am going to take it literally:

Whats wrong doing it dynamically?
Well, it is practically unreadable, extremely opaque and non-obvious to the user of your code (that includes you in a month :P).

From my experience (quite limited, I must admit, unfortunately I don't have 20 years of programming under the belt), a need for such solutions indicates, that the class structure is not well defined, - means, there's almost always a better, more readable and less arcane way to do such things.

For example, if you really want to define base classes on the fly, you are better off using a factory function, that will return appropriate classes according to your needs.

Another take on the question:
Whats wrong doing it dynamically?
In your current implementation, it gives me a "maximum recursion depth exceeded" error. That happens, because A.__new__ calls itself from within itself indefinitely (since it inherits from itself and from B).

10: Inside A.__new__, "cls" is set to <class '.A'>. Inside the constructor you define a class C, which inherits from cls (which is actually A) and another class B. Upon instantiating C, its __new__ is called. Since it doesn't define its own __new__, its base class' __new__ is called. The base class just happens to be A.
20: GOTO 10

回答3:

If your question is "How can I accomplish this" – this works:

class A(object):
    @classmethod
    def get_with_B(cls):
      class C(B, cls):
        pass

      return C()

    def foo(self):
      print 'foo'

class B(object):
    def bar(self):
      print 'bar'

a = A.get_with_B()
a.foo()
a.bar()

If your question is "Why doesn't it work" – that's because you run into an infinite recursion when you call C(), which leads to A.__new__ being called, which again calls C() etc.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2026572/python-multiple-inheritance-whats-wrong-doing-it-dynamically

标签

python

multiple-inheritance