How can I generate a random number within a range in Rust?

Question

Editor's note: This code example is from a version of Rust prior to 1.0 and is not syntactically valid Rust 1.0 code. Updated versions of this code produce different errors, but the answers still contain valuable information.

I came across the following example of how to generate a random number using Rust, but it doesn't appear to work. The example doesn't show which version of Rust it applies to, so perhaps it is out-of-date, or perhaps I got something wrong.

// http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/rand/trait.Rng.html

use std::rand;
use std::rand::Rng;

fn main() {
    let mut rng = rand::task_rng();
    let n: uint = rng.gen_range(0u, 10);
    println!("{}", n);
    let m: float = rng.gen_range(-40.0, 1.3e5);
    println!("{}", m);
}

When I attempt to compile this, the following error results:

test_rand002.rs:6:17: 6:39 error: type `@mut std::rand::IsaacRng` does not
implement any method in scope named `gen_range`
test_rand002.rs:6    let n: uint = rng.gen_range(0u, 10);
                                   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
test_rand002.rs:8:18: 8:46 error: type `@mut std::rand::IsaacRng` does not
implement any method in scope named `gen_range`
test_rand002.rs:8    let m: float = rng.gen_range(-40.0, 1.3e5);
                                    ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There is another example (as follows) on the same page (above) that does work. However, it doesn't do exactly what I want, although I could adapt it.

use std::rand;
use std::rand::Rng;

fn main() {
    let mut rng = rand::task_rng();
    let x: uint = rng.gen();
    println!("{}", x);
    println!("{:?}", rng.gen::<(f64, bool)>());
}

How can I generate a "simple" random number using Rust (e.g.: i64) within a given range (e.g.: 0 to n)?

Answer 1

Editor's note: This answer is for a version of Rust prior to 1.0 and is not valid in Rust 1.0.

This has been changing a lot recently (sorry! it's all been me), and in Rust 0.8 it was called gen_integer_range (note the /0.8/ rather than /master/ in the URL, if you are using 0.8 you need to be reading those docs).

A word of warning: .gen_integer_range was entirely incorrect in many ways, the new .gen_range doesn't have incorrectness problems.

---

Code for master (where .gen_range works fine):

use std::rand::{task_rng, Rng};

fn main() {
    // a number from [-40.0, 13000.0)
    let num: f64 = task_rng().gen_range(-40.0, 1.3e4);
    println!("{}", num);
}

Answer 2

This generates a random number between 0 and 100 using Rng::gen_range:

extern crate rand; // 0.6.5

use rand::Rng;

fn main() {
    // Generate random number in the range [0, 99]
    let num = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0, 100);
    println!("{}", num);
}

Don't forget to add the rand dependency to Cargo.toml:

[dependencies]
rand = "0.6.5"

Answer 3

The documentation for Rng::gen_range states:

This function is optimised for the case that only a single sample is made from the given range. See also the Uniform distribution type which may be faster if sampling from the same range repeatedly.

Uniform can be used to generate a single value:

use rand::distributions::{Distribution, Uniform}; // 0.6.5

fn main() {
    let step = Uniform::new(0, 50);
    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
    let choice = step.sample(&mut rng);
    println!("{}", choice);
}

Playground

Or to generate an iterator of values:

use rand::distributions::{Distribution, Uniform}; // 0.6.5

fn main() {
    let step = Uniform::new(0, 50);
    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
    let choices: Vec<_> = step.sample_iter(&mut rng).take(10).collect();
    println!("{:?}", choices);
}

Playground