MySQL的JOIN(一):用法

老子叫甜甜 提交于 2019-12-04 06:44:25

MySQL的JOIN(一):用法

JOIN的含义就如英文单词“join”一样,连接两张表,大致分为内连接,外连接,右连接,左连接,自然连接。这里描述先甩出一张用烂了的图,然后插入测试数据。

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CREATE TABLE t_blog(
        id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
        title VARCHAR(50),
        typeId INT
    );
    SELECT * FROM t_blog;
    +----+-------+--------+
    | id | title | typeId |
    +----+-------+--------+
    |  1 | aaa   |      1 |
    |  2 | bbb   |      2 |
    |  3 | ccc   |      3 |
    |  4 | ddd   |      4 |
    |  5 | eee   |      4 |
    |  6 | fff   |      3 |
    |  7 | ggg   |      2 |
    |  8 | hhh   |   NULL |
    |  9 | iii   |   NULL |
    | 10 | jjj   |   NULL |
    +----+-------+--------+
    -- 博客的类别
    CREATE TABLE t_type(
        id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
        name VARCHAR(20)
    );
    SELECT * FROM t_type;
    +----+------------+
    | id | name       |
    +----+------------+
    |  1 | C++        |
    |  2 | C          |
    |  3 | Java       |
    |  4 | C#         |
    |  5 | Javascript |
    +----+------------+

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笛卡尔积:CROSS JOIN

要理解各种JOIN首先要理解笛卡尔积。笛卡尔积就是将A表的每一条记录与B表的每一条记录强行拼在一起。所以,如果A表有n条记录,B表有m条记录,笛卡尔积产生的结果就会产生n*m条记录。下面的例子,t_blog有10条记录,t_type有5条记录,所有他们俩的笛卡尔积有50条记录。有五种产生笛卡尔积的方式如下。

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SELECT * FROM t_blog CROSS JOIN t_type;
    SELECT * FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type;
    SELECT * FROM t_blog,t_type;
    SELECT * FROM t_blog NATURE JOIN t_type;
    select * from t_blog NATURA join t_type;
    +----+-------+--------+----+------------+
    | id | title | typeId | id | name       |
    +----+-------+--------+----+------------+
    |  1 | aaa   |      1 |  1 | C++        |
    |  1 | aaa   |      1 |  2 | C          |
    |  1 | aaa   |      1 |  3 | Java       |
    |  1 | aaa   |      1 |  4 | C#         |
    |  1 | aaa   |      1 |  5 | Javascript |
    |  2 | bbb   |      2 |  1 | C++        |
    |  2 | bbb   |      2 |  2 | C          |
    |  2 | bbb   |      2 |  3 | Java       |
    |  2 | bbb   |      2 |  4 | C#         |
    |  2 | bbb   |      2 |  5 | Javascript |
    |  3 | ccc   |      3 |  1 | C++        |
    |  3 | ccc   |      3 |  2 | C          |
    |  3 | ccc   |      3 |  3 | Java       |
    |  3 | ccc   |      3 |  4 | C#         |
    |  3 | ccc   |      3 |  5 | Javascript |
    |  4 | ddd   |      4 |  1 | C++        |
    |  4 | ddd   |      4 |  2 | C          |
    |  4 | ddd   |      4 |  3 | Java       |
    |  4 | ddd   |      4 |  4 | C#         |
    |  4 | ddd   |      4 |  5 | Javascript |
    |  5 | eee   |      4 |  1 | C++        |
    |  5 | eee   |      4 |  2 | C          |
    |  5 | eee   |      4 |  3 | Java       |
    |  5 | eee   |      4 |  4 | C#         |
    |  5 | eee   |      4 |  5 | Javascript |
    |  6 | fff   |      3 |  1 | C++        |
    |  6 | fff   |      3 |  2 | C          |
    |  6 | fff   |      3 |  3 | Java       |
    |  6 | fff   |      3 |  4 | C#         |
    |  6 | fff   |      3 |  5 | Javascript |
    |  7 | ggg   |      2 |  1 | C++        |
    |  7 | ggg   |      2 |  2 | C          |
    |  7 | ggg   |      2 |  3 | Java       |
    |  7 | ggg   |      2 |  4 | C#         |
    |  7 | ggg   |      2 |  5 | Javascript |
    |  8 | hhh   |   NULL |  1 | C++        |
    |  8 | hhh   |   NULL |  2 | C          |
    |  8 | hhh   |   NULL |  3 | Java       |
    |  8 | hhh   |   NULL |  4 | C#         |
    |  8 | hhh   |   NULL |  5 | Javascript |
    |  9 | iii   |   NULL |  1 | C++        |
    |  9 | iii   |   NULL |  2 | C          |
    |  9 | iii   |   NULL |  3 | Java       |
    |  9 | iii   |   NULL |  4 | C#         |
    |  9 | iii   |   NULL |  5 | Javascript |
    | 10 | jjj   |   NULL |  1 | C++        |
    | 10 | jjj   |   NULL |  2 | C          |
    | 10 | jjj   |   NULL |  3 | Java       |
    | 10 | jjj   |   NULL |  4 | C#         |
    | 10 | jjj   |   NULL |  5 | Javascript |
    +----+-------+--------+----+------------+

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内连接:INNER JOIN

内连接INNER JOIN是最常用的连接操作。从数学的角度讲就是求两个表的交集,从笛卡尔积的角度讲就是从笛卡尔积中挑出ON子句条件成立的记录。有INNER JOIN,WHERE(等值连接),STRAIGHT_JOIN,JOIN(省略INNER)四种写法。至于哪种好我会在MySQL的JOIN(二):优化讲述。示例如下。

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SELECT * FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id;
    SELECT * FROM t_blog,t_type WHERE t_blog.typeId=t_type.id;
    SELECT * FROM t_blog STRAIGHT_JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id; --注意STRIGHT_JOIN有个下划线
    SELECT * FROM t_blog JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id;

    +----+-------+--------+----+------+
    | id | title | typeId | id | name |
    +----+-------+--------+----+------+
    |  1 | aaa   |      1 |  1 | C++  |
    |  2 | bbb   |      2 |  2 | C    |
    |  7 | ggg   |      2 |  2 | C    |
    |  3 | ccc   |      3 |  3 | Java |
    |  6 | fff   |      3 |  3 | Java |
    |  4 | ddd   |      4 |  4 | C#   |
    |  5 | eee   |      4 |  4 | C#   |
    +----+-------+--------+----+------+

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左连接:LEFT JOIN

左连接LEFT JOIN的含义就是求两个表的交集外加左表剩下的数据。依旧从笛卡尔积的角度讲,就是先从笛卡尔积中挑出ON子句条件成立的记录,然后加上左表中剩余的记录(见最后三条)。

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SELECT * FROM t_blog LEFT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id;

    +----+-------+--------+------+------+
    | id | title | typeId | id   | name |
    +----+-------+--------+------+------+
    |  1 | aaa   |      1 |    1 | C++  |
    |  2 | bbb   |      2 |    2 | C    |
    |  7 | ggg   |      2 |    2 | C    |
    |  3 | ccc   |      3 |    3 | Java |
    |  6 | fff   |      3 |    3 | Java |
    |  4 | ddd   |      4 |    4 | C#   |
    |  5 | eee   |      4 |    4 | C#   |
    |  8 | hhh   |   NULL | NULL | NULL |
    |  9 | iii   |   NULL | NULL | NULL |
    | 10 | jjj   |   NULL | NULL | NULL |
    +----+-------+--------+------+------+

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右连接:RIGHT JOIN

同理右连接RIGHT JOIN就是求两个表的交集外加右表剩下的数据。再次从笛卡尔积的角度描述,右连接就是从笛卡尔积中挑出ON子句条件成立的记录,然后加上右表中剩余的记录(见最后一条)。

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SELECT * FROM t_blog RIGHT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id;

    +------+-------+--------+----+------------+
    | id   | title | typeId | id | name       |
    +------+-------+--------+----+------------+
    |    1 | aaa   |      1 |  1 | C++        |
    |    2 | bbb   |      2 |  2 | C          |
    |    3 | ccc   |      3 |  3 | Java       |
    |    4 | ddd   |      4 |  4 | C#         |
    |    5 | eee   |      4 |  4 | C#         |
    |    6 | fff   |      3 |  3 | Java       |
    |    7 | ggg   |      2 |  2 | C          |
    | NULL | NULL  |   NULL |  5 | Javascript |
    +------+-------+--------+----+------------+

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外连接:OUTER JOIN

外连接就是求两个集合的并集。从笛卡尔积的角度讲就是从笛卡尔积中挑出ON子句条件成立的记录,然后加上左表中剩余的记录,最后加上右表中剩余的记录。另外MySQL不支持OUTER JOIN,但是我们可以对左连接和右连接的结果做UNION操作来实现。

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SELECT * FROM t_blog LEFT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id
    UNION
    SELECT * FROM t_blog RIGHT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id;

    +------+-------+--------+------+------------+
    | id   | title | typeId | id   | name       |
    +------+-------+--------+------+------------+
    |    1 | aaa   |      1 |    1 | C++        |
    |    2 | bbb   |      2 |    2 | C          |
    |    7 | ggg   |      2 |    2 | C          |
    |    3 | ccc   |      3 |    3 | Java       |
    |    6 | fff   |      3 |    3 | Java       |
    |    4 | ddd   |      4 |    4 | C#         |
    |    5 | eee   |      4 |    4 | C#         |
    |    8 | hhh   |   NULL | NULL | NULL       |
    |    9 | iii   |   NULL | NULL | NULL       |
    |   10 | jjj   |   NULL | NULL | NULL       |
    | NULL | NULL  |   NULL |    5 | Javascript |
    +------+-------+--------+------+------------+

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USING子句

MySQL中连接SQL语句中,ON子句的语法格式为:table1.column_name = table2.column_name。当模式设计对联接表的列采用了相同的命名样式时,就可以使用 USING 语法来简化 ON 语法,格式为:USING(column_name)。 
所以,USING的功能相当于ON,区别在于USING指定一个属性名用于连接两个表,而ON指定一个条件。另外,SELECT *时,USING会去除USING指定的列,而ON不会。实例如下。

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SELECT * FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId =t_type.id;
    +----+-------+--------+----+------+
    | id | title | typeId | id | name |
    +----+-------+--------+----+------+
    |  1 | aaa   |      1 |  1 | C++  |
    |  2 | bbb   |      2 |  2 | C    |
    |  7 | ggg   |      2 |  2 | C    |
    |  3 | ccc   |      3 |  3 | Java |
    |  6 | fff   |      3 |  3 | Java |
    |  4 | ddd   |      4 |  4 | C#   |
    |  5 | eee   |      4 |  4 | C#   |
    +----+-------+--------+----+------+


    SELECT * FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type USING(typeId);
    ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'typeId' in 'from clause'
    SELECT * FROM t_blog INNER JOIN t_type USING(id); -- 应为t_blog的typeId与t_type的id不同名,无法用Using,这里用id代替下。
    +----+-------+--------+------------+
    | id | title | typeId | name       |
    +----+-------+--------+------------+
    |  1 | aaa   |      1 | C++        |
    |  2 | bbb   |      2 | C          |
    |  3 | ccc   |      3 | Java       |
    |  4 | ddd   |      4 | C#         |
    |  5 | eee   |      4 | Javascript |
    +----+-------+--------+------------+

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自然连接:NATURE JOIN

自然连接就是USING子句的简化版,它找出两个表中相同的列作为连接条件进行连接。有左自然连接右自然连接普通自然连接之分。在t_blog和t_type示例中,两个表相同的列是id,所以会拿id作为连接条件。 
另外千万分清下面三条语句的区别 。
自然连接:SELECT * FROM t_blog NATURAL JOIN t_type; 
笛卡尔积:SELECT * FROM t_blog NATURA JOIN t_type; 
笛卡尔积:SELECT * FROM t_blog NATURE JOIN t_type;

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补充

博客开头给出的第一张图除去讲了的内连接、左连接、右连接、外连接,还有一些特殊的韦恩图,这里补充一下。

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SELECT * FROM t_blog LEFT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id
    WHERE t_type.id IS NULL;
    +----+-------+--------+------+------+
    | id | title | typeId | id   | name |
    +----+-------+--------+------+------+
    |  8 | hhh   |   NULL | NULL | NULL |
    |  9 | iii   |   NULL | NULL | NULL |
    | 10 | jjj   |   NULL | NULL | NULL |
    +----+-------+--------+------+------+
    SELECT * FROM t_blog RIGHT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id
    WHERE t_blog.id IS NULL;
    +------+-------+--------+----+------------+
    | id   | title | typeId | id | name       |
    +------+-------+--------+----+------------+
    | NULL | NULL  |   NULL |  5 | Javascript |
    +------+-------+--------+----+------------+
    SELECT * FROM t_blog LEFT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id
    WHERE t_type.id IS NULL
    UNION
    SELECT * FROM t_blog RIGHT JOIN t_type ON t_blog.typeId=t_type.id
    WHERE t_blog.id IS NULL;
    +------+-------+--------+------+------------+
    | id   | title | typeId | id   | name       |
    +------+-------+--------+------+------------+
    |    8 | hhh   |   NULL | NULL | NULL       |
    |    9 | iii   |   NULL | NULL | NULL       |
    |   10 | jjj   |   NULL | NULL | NULL       |
    | NULL | NULL  |   NULL |    5 | Javascript |
    +------+-------+--------+------+------------+

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写完这篇博客发现有点“孔乙己:茴字的四种写法的感觉”,但还是有收获的。另外,等三面通知等的好急啊!!

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