Python: Pandas Series - Why use loc?

Question

Why do we use 'loc' for pandas dataframes? it seems the following code with or without using loc both compile anr run at a simulular speed

%timeit df_user1 = df.loc[df.user_id=='5561']

100 loops, best of 3: 11.9 ms per loop

or

%timeit df_user1_noloc = df[df.user_id=='5561']

100 loops, best of 3: 12 ms per loop

So why use loc?

Edit: This has been flagged as a duplicate question. But although pandas iloc vs ix vs loc explanation? does mention that *

you can do column retrieval just by using the data frame's getitem:

*

df['time']    # equivalent to df.loc[:, 'time']

it does not say why we use loc, although it does explain lots of features of loc, my specific question is 'why not just omit loc altogether'? for which i have accepted a very detailed answer below.

Also that other post the answer (which i do not think is an answer) is very hidden in the discussion and any person searching for what i was looking for would find it hard to locate the information and would be much better served by the answer provided to my question.

Answer 1

• Explicit is better than implicit.

  df[boolean_mask] selects rows where boolean_mask is True, but there is a corner case when you might not want it to: when df has boolean-valued column labels:

  In [229]: df = pd.DataFrame({True:[1,2,3],False:[3,4,5]}); df
  Out[229]: 
     False  True 
  0      3      1
  1      4      2
  2      5      3
  

  You might want to use df[[True]] to select the True column. Instead it raises a ValueError:

  In [230]: df[[True]]
  ValueError: Item wrong length 1 instead of 3.
  

  Versus using loc:

  In [231]: df.loc[[True]]
  Out[231]: 
     False  True 
  0      3      1
  

  In contrast, the following does not raise ValueError even though the structure of df2 is almost the same as df1 above:

  In [258]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A':[1,2,3],'B':[3,4,5]}); df2
  Out[258]: 
     A  B
  0  1  3
  1  2  4
  2  3  5
  
  In [259]: df2[['B']]
  Out[259]: 
     B
  0  3
  1  4
  2  5
  

  Thus, df[boolean_mask] does not always behave the same as df.loc[boolean_mask]. Even though this is arguably an unlikely use case, I would recommend always using df.loc[boolean_mask] instead of df[boolean_mask] because the meaning of df.loc's syntax is explicit. With df.loc[indexer] you know automatically that df.loc is selecting rows. In contrast, it is not clear if df[indexer] will select rows or columns (or raise ValueError) without knowing details about indexer and df.

• df.loc[row_indexer, column_index] can select rows and columns. df[indexer] can only select rows or columns depending on the type of values in indexer and the type of column values df has (again, are they boolean?).

  In [237]: df2.loc[[True,False,True], 'B']
  Out[237]: 
  0    3
  2    5
  Name: B, dtype: int64
  

• When a slice is passed to df.loc the end-points are included in the range. When a slice is passed to df[...], the slice is interpreted as a half-open interval:

  In [239]: df2.loc[1:2]
  Out[239]: 
     A  B
  1  2  4
  2  3  5
  
  In [271]: df2[1:2]
  Out[271]: 
     A  B
  1  2  4