What is the behavior of writing a non-printing character in C/C++?

Question

Is the behavior of writing a non-printing character undefined or implementation-defined, if the character is written via printf/fprintf? I am confused

Answer 1

The output of ASCII non-printable (control) characters is implementation defined.

Specifically, interpretation is the responsibility of the output device.

Edit 1:
When the output device is opened as a file, it can be opened as binary. When opened as binary the output is not translated (e.g. line endings).