You need to use parseInt to convert kacbegen, which is a String instance, to a Number:
var begen = $(this).attr('id');
var kacbegen = $("#math" + begen).text();
var toplam = (parseInt(kacbegen) + 1);
alert(toplam);
The + operator, when used with a String on either side, will serve as a concatenation, calling Number.prototype.toString on 1.