Assignment operator not available in derived class

Question

The assignment operator in base class does not seem to be available in derived class. Given this code:

#include 

class A{
    int value;
pub         


        

Answer 1

As pointed out by the other existing answers, the implicitly generated assignment operator of B hides the assignment operator defined in A. This is true for any non-virtual member function in a base class, the only specialty here is the automatically generated assignment operator.

But try to figure out first whether you really want to do this. Imagine your class B has data members that need to be initialized in some way. How does using the assignment from A affect these data members? A doesn't know anything of its derived class data members, they would be left untouched. Have a look at the following scenario where the assignment operator has been made available through a using directive:

class B : public A {
   public:
      using A::operator=;

      int m = 0; // Default-initialize data member to zero
};

B b;
b.m = 42;
b = 0; // Doesn't touch B::m... intended? A bug? Definitely weird.

So yes, it is possible, but error-prone and dangerous, especially when it comes to future modifications of the subclass.

Answer 2

In order to make it work, you need to bring the operator= into B's scope:

class B : public A
{
public:
using A::operator=;
};

According to the standard [class.copy.assign/8]:

Because a copy/move assignment operator is implicitly declared for a class if not declared by the user, a base class copy/move assignment operator is always hidden by the corresponding assignment operator of a derived class (16.5.3).

So, because the B::operator= has been implicitly declared, it has hidden A::operator=, which requires you to bring it into scope if you want to use it.

Further quote from the standard [over.ass/1]

An assignment operator shall be implemented by a non-static member function with exactly one parameter. Because a copy assignment operator operator= is implicitly declared for a class if not declared by the user (15.8), a base class assignment operator is always hidden by the copy assignment operator of the derived class.

Emphasis is mine.

Answer 3

Every class has at least one assignment operator implicitly defined when we don't provide one ourselves.

And when a member function in a derived class is defined with the same name as a member in the base class, it hides all the base class definitions for that name.

You can use a using declaration, but be warned that it will pull all the members named operator= and allow code like this:

A a;
B b;
b = a;

Which is slightly dubious.

Answer 4

The problem is that the compiler will add an implicit assignment operator for the B class, declared as

B& operator=(const B&);

This operator will hide the operator from A, so the compiler will not know about it.

The solution is to tell the compiler to also use the operator from A with the using keyword:

class B : public A
{
public:
    using A::operator=;
};