is there a workaround to use something like
filter(df, grepl(\"A|B|C\",location))
for a dplyr SQL table? In SQL it is probalby a LIKE         
        
Using sql to translate the expression directly into sql is one option.
sql_table %>% filter( sql("location LIKE 'A%' 
                           OR location LIKE 'B%' 
                           OR location LIKE 'C%'")
Which will inject the following into the WHERE statement of your query:
<SQL> location LIKE 'A%' OR location LIKE 'B%' OR location LIKE 'C%'