Is there a way to execute python code in a browser, other than using Jython and an applet?
The execution does not have to deal with anything related to graphics. For
By accident I was listening to Hanselminutes where he mentioned about Gestalt project. This is a solution to integrate a languages as IronRuby and IronPython in browser via Silverlight.
So I think the answer is no if you don't have any special plugins.
nosklo's answer is wrong: pyxpcomext for firefox adds language="python" support to script tags. yes it's a whopping 10mb plugin, but that's life. i think it's best if you refer to http://wiki.python.org/moin/WebBrowserProgramming because that is where all known documented links between python and web browser technology are recorded: you can take your pick, there.
The Pyjamas project has a compiler called pyjs which turns Python code into Javascript.
I put together a table comparing many Python-In-Browser technologies not long ago: http://stromberg.dnsalias.org/~strombrg/pybrowser/python-browser.html