I faced a similar issue in my environment.
Ordinarily our server hosting Nexus would not be able to access the Internet. However, I met with the operations team and explained to them that allowing Nexus to automatically download artifacts from the Internet is a huge productivity win for us.
Once they understood our needs, ops allowed the server to access a very strict whitelist of Internet IPs such as the central Maven repository. So we still have to go through ops to add new repositories or perform whitelist fixes when outside repository IP addresses change. But overall we felt it was the best compromise between security and productivity and it works for us.
See if your stakeholders will go for connecting your network to the Internet in a highly restricted whitelist-only manner once you reiterate to them how doing so will make you more productive and ultimately save everybody time.