There actually is a basic text editor on Windows. In the command prompt simply type edit, and it should take you to there. Now, someone already mentioned it, but they said it's XP or lower. Actually it works perfectly fine on my Windows 7.
Wikipedia page
Again, I am running Windows 7, so I've no idea if it's still is present on Windows 8.
And as IInspectable pointed out, there's no built in C compilers, which is a disappointment. Oh, well, back to MinGW.
Also, "here" someone mentioned Far Manager, which has ability to edit files, so that's some alternative.
Hope that helps