I want to call a PHP file using ajax where in that PHP i will place order by the ajax call. But it throws error while i am using app/Mage.php from that file
         
        you need to initialize magento. the safest way to initialize it is by using initializer before your actual call to the model
Mage::init();
$customer = Mage::getModel('customer/customer');
You should initialize the Magento Framework first:
/* Store or website code */
$mageRunCode = isset($_SERVER['MAGE_RUN_CODE']) ? $_SERVER['MAGE_RUN_CODE'] : '';
/* Run store or run website */
$mageRunType = isset($_SERVER['MAGE_RUN_TYPE']) ? $_SERVER['MAGE_RUN_TYPE'] : 'store';
Mage::init($mageRunCode, $mageRunType, array());
                                                                        I got the same error message. The solution was different. I forgot to give the permission on the magento folder to the Apache.
chown -R apache:apache magento
                                                                        I personally had solved it by using
$customer = new Mage_Customer_Model_Customer();
instead of using 
$customer = Mage::getModel('customer/customer');
                                                                        Your proposed solution is not optimal. You have not initialized Magento so module XML is not loaded yet and the factory pattern does not work.
Simply use either:
Mage::init(); // 1.5+ 
or
Mage::app(); // (pretty much anything) below 1.5
before using getModel.