I\'m trying to make a calculator in javascript, but I\'m having trouble understanding how to create variables that will store targeted DOM elements, input/outputs and how to
Well, I have remade your calculator in a simple but yet clear way, so you can now deal with each button press with one event handler that gives you the button that was pressed. now you have a good start point, happy coding :)
document.querySelector(".buttons8").onclick = function(e) {
  if(e.target.nodeName === "BUTTON") {
    console.log(`${e.target.textContent} is pressed`);
    //do something
  }
}* {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}
.calculator8 {
  width: 300px;
}
.buttons8 {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  width: 100%;
}
.buttons8 button {
  width: 75px;
  height: 60px;
  font-size: 150%;
}
.screen8 {
  width: 100%;
  height: 80px;
  background-color: #333;
}
.b_blue {
  background-color: blue;
}
.b_red {
  background-color: red;
}
.b_yellow {
  background-color: yellow;
}
.b_green {
  background-color: green;
}
.b_lgray {
  background-color: #ffffd;
}
.b_vlgray {
  background-color: #eee;
}
.b_black {
  background-color: black;
}
.t_white {
  color: white;
}<section class="calculator8">
  <h1>Calculator 8</h1>
  <input type="text" class="screen8" disabled>
  <div class="buttons8"> 
    <!-- operation buttons -->
    <button class="b_green">*</button>
    <button class="b_red">/</button>
    <button class="b_blue">-</button>
    <button class="b_yellow">+</button>
    <!-- number buttons -->
    <button class="b_lgray">.</button>
    <button class="b_lgray">9</button>
    <button class="b_lgray">8</button>
    <button class="b_lgray">7</button>
    <button class="b_lgray">6</button>
    <button class="b_lgray">5</button>
    <button class="b_lgray">4</button>
    <button class="b_lgray">3</button>
    <button class="b_lgray">2</button>
    <button class="b_lgray">1</button>
    <button class="b_lgray">0</button>
    <button class="b_lgray">=</button>
    <!-- other buttons -->
    <button class="b_vlgray">MR</button>
    <button class="b_vlgray">MC</button>
    <button class="b_vlgray">MS</button>
    <button class="b_black t_white">C</button>
  </div>
</section>