The program connects to a server, and when the connection is closed by the server, if I try to reconnect it says: socket.error: [Errno 9] Bad file descriptor
If the file descriptor is bad then you will need to release that resource and create a new socket. This will get you a new file descriptor.
If the connection terminated abnormally, you will have to wait for the server to close it's end of the connection before you can reconnect. I would just poll it frequently (but not too frequently) to see if you can reestablish a connection with your new socket.
How often do you get the bad pipe error?
Assuming this is a connection oriented socket:
No. You have to close the old one and create a new socket,