Python has ctypes to access libraries. In PHP you write extensions for everything. Popular extensions like the one for libgd are available almost everywhere.
Is ther
There is a PHP extension (irony?) called ffi. FFI stands for Foreign Function Interface, which is the generic term for when a language calls libraries written in another language.
You're looking for ffi.
PHP 7.3 will have FFI (Foreign Function Interface).
I don't think there is such a thing : in PHP, the "standard" way of using a library is by writting a wrapper arround it, that exports the functions of the library to PHP.
(But maybe an extension could be written to do just what ctypes does ? -- Not sure, but maybe ^^ )
I don't know of any way. But you could let SWIG build an extension for the library you want.