Please bear with me on this, I will try to explain as clearly as I can.
I started a new project (class library) which targets 4.5 and not the client profile 4.5.
It's the Windows SDK:
The Windows SDK includes the reference assemblies, tools, headers, and libraries needed to build applications that target the .NET Framework 4.5.
(For 1.1 and 2.0, there was a separate .NET Framework SDK, but I can't find a link for any more recent versions - I don't think it's separately available)
For part 2, no. The GAC is not searched at compile time. It's only used at runtime.