How do I split a string by commas except inside parenthesis, using a regular expression?

Question

I want to split a string by comma:

\"a,s\".split \',\'  # => [\'a\', \'s\']

I don\'t want to split a sub-string if it is wrapped by par

Answer 1

Assuming that parentheses are not nested:

"a,s(d,f),g,h"
.scan(/(?:\([^()]*\)|[^,])+/)
# => ["a", "s(d,f)", "g", "h"]

Answer 2

To deal with nested parenthesis, you can use:

txt = "a,s(d,f(4,5)),g,h"
pattern = Regexp.new('((?:[^,(]+|(\((?>[^()]+|\g<-1>)*\)))+)')
puts txt.scan(pattern).map &:first

pattern details:

(                        # first capturing group
    (?:                  # open a non capturing group
        [^,(]+           # all characters except , and (
      |                  # or
        (                # open the second capturing group
           \(            # (
            (?>          # open an atomic group
                [^()]+   # all characters except parenthesis
              |          # OR
                \g<-1>   # the last capturing group (you can also write \g<2>)
            )*           # close the atomic group
            \)           # )
        )                # close the second capturing group
    )+                   # close the non-capturing group and repeat it
)                        # close the first capturing group

The second capturing group describe the nested parenthesis that can contain characters that are not parenthesis or the capturing group itself. It's a recursive pattern.

Inside the pattern, you can refer to a capture group with his number (\g<2> for the second capturing group) or with his relative position (\g<-1> the first on the left from the current position in the pattern) (or with his name if you use named capturing groups)

Notice: You can allow single parenthesis if you add |[()] before the end of the non-capturing group. Then a,b(,c will give you ['a', 'b(', 'c']