The added layer must be an instance of class Layer. Found:

Question

I am new to machine learning. I was following this tutorial on fine-tuning VGG16 models.

The model loaded fine with this code:

vgg_model = tensorflow.k         


        

Answer 1

You do not need to create an InputLayer, you simply must import the BatchNormalization layer in the same manner as your Conv2D/other layers, e.g:

from tensorflow.keras.layers import Conv2D, Flatten, MaxPooling2D, Dropout, BatchNormalization

Instead of importing it as an independent Keras layer, i.e:

from tensorflow.keras.layers import Conv2D, Flatten, MaxPooling2D, Dropout
from keras.layers import BatchNormalization

Answer 2

This won't work because a tensorflow.keras layer is getting added to a keras Model.

vgg_model = tensorflow.keras.applications.vgg16.VGG16()
model = keras.Sequential()
model.add(vgg_model.layers[0])

Instantiate tensorflow.keras.Sequential(). This will work.

model = tensorflow.keras.Sequential()
model.add(vgg_model.layers[0])

Answer 3

Adding to @Manoj Mohan's answer, you can add an input_layer to your model using input_layer from Keras layers as below:

import keras
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import InputLayer

model = Sequential()
model.add(InputLayer(input_shape=shape, name=name))
....

if you are using the TensorFlow builtin Keras then import is different other things are still the same

import tensorflow as tf
import tensorflow.keras as keras
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import InputLayer

model = Sequential()
model.add(InputLayer(input_shape=shape, name=name))
....

Coming to the main part, if you want to import layers to your sequential model, you can use the following syntax.

import keras
from keras.models import Sequential, load_model
from keras import optimizers
from keras.applications.vgg16 import VGG16
from keras.applications.vgg19 import VGG19

# For VGG16 loading to sequential model  
model = Sequential(VGG16().layers)
# For VGG19 loading to sequential model  
model = Sequential(VGG19().layers)