I am working on a game using Unity3D version 5. The game should use strict business rules already programmed in a C# .NET4.5 engine. Using Xamarin/Mono, we hope to make this
Using a visual studio plugin: unmanaged exports, I have been able to export the C# .NET 4.5 to an unmanaged/native dll which I can use in Unity Engine. This forces to call only simple functions, but with little work, it was possible for me to wrap the core of my engine.
Short answer is no.
Unity has ".NET 2.0/3.5 era functionality," according to an official blog post.
According to the same post, a future version of Unity will be upgraded to "a modern version of .NET," with no timeline given for this major undertaking.
NOTE: This answer was written in response to the original version of the question, which was simply whether the .NET 4.5 library could be used directly in Unity.
Looks like Unity is upgrading to 4.6+ and is available in beta now
https://forum.unity3d.com/threads/upgraded-mono-net-in-editor-on-5-5-0b4.433541/