What's the best technique for exiting from a constructor on an error condition in C++

Question

What\'s the best technique for exiting from a constructor on an error condition in C++? In particular, this is an error opening a file.

Thanks for the responses. I\'

Answer 1

Throw exception. Take a look here for more information: Handling error in constructor

Answer 2

If the object that you're constructing is invalid due to the error, and needs to be disposed of by the caller, then you pretty much have to throw an exception. This allows the compiler to perform the proper deallocation of resources.

(Writing exception-safe constructors requires a bit of care -- in brief, you need to use the initializer lists wherever you can, rather than using the constructor body -- but it's critical if you have a case like this, where throwing an exception is a significant possibility.)

Answer 3

You can throw an exception, as others have mentioned, or you can also refactor your code so that your constructor can't fail. If, for example, you're working on a project where exceptions are disabled or disallowed, then the latter is your best option.

To make a constructor that can't fail, refactor the code that could potentially fail into an init() method, and have the constructor do as little work as possible, and then require all users of the class to call init() immediately after construction. If init() fails, you can return an error code. Make sure to document this in your class's documentation!

Of course, this is somewhat dangerous, since programmers might forget to call init(). The compiler can't enforce this, so tread carefully, and try to make your code fail-fast if init() is not called.

Answer 4

In general, you should throw an exception. The alternative is to have some half-correctly constructed object which the user has to test somehow, which they will inevitably fail to do.

Answer 5

The best thing to do is to throw an exception. That's what they're there for, and any attempt to duplicate the behavior you get is likely to fail somewhere.

If you can't use an exception, for some reason, use nothrow. The example in the Standard, 18.4.1.1 clause 9, is:

t* p2 = new(nothrow) T;    // returns 0 if it fails

This is technically a form of placement new, but it should either return a fully formed object or a null pointer that you need to test for, except that nobody will.

If your class can have an object that is there but not properly initialized, you can have a data member that serves as a flag as to whether the class is useful or not. Again, nobody will check that flag in live code.

Bear in mind that, if you really need to have an allocation that is guaranteed not to fail, you need to allocate the memory ahead of time and use placement new, and remove all initialization that might throw to another routine, which somebody will fail to call. Anything that allocates memory can fail, particularly on the more confined sorts of systems that usually don't support exceptions.

Really, the exceptions are the best way to go.

Answer 6

The best suggestion is probably what parashift says. But read my caution note below as well please.

See parashift FAQ 17.2

[17.2] How can I handle a constructor that fails?

Throw an exception.

Constructors don't have a return type, so it's not possible to use return codes. The best way to signal constructor failure is therefore to throw an exception. If you don't have the option of using exceptions, the "least bad" work-around is to put the object into a "zombie" state by setting an internal status bit so the object acts sort of like it's dead even though it is technically still alive.

The idea of a "zombie" object has a lot of down-side. You need to add a query ("inspector") member function to check this "zombie" bit so users of your class can find out if their object is truly alive, or if it's a zombie (i.e., a "living dead" object), and just about every place you construct one of your objects (including within a larger object or an array of objects) you need to check that status flag via an if statement. You'll also want to add an if to your other member functions: if the object is a zombie, do a no-op or perhaps something more obnoxious.

In practice the "zombie" thing gets pretty ugly. Certainly you should prefer exceptions over zombie objects, but if you do not have the option of using exceptions, zombie objects might be the "least bad" alternative.

---

A word of caution with throwing exceptions in a constructor:

Be very careful though because if an exception is thrown in a constructor, the class's destructor is not called. So you need to be careful about destructing objects that you already constructed before the exception is thrown. The same warnings apply to exception handling in general, but it is maybe a little less obvious when dealing with a constructor.

class B
{
public:
    B()
    {

    }

    virtual ~B()
    {
        //called after D's constructor's exception is called
    }
};

class D : public B
{
public:
    D()
    {
        p = new char[1024];
        throw std::exception("test");
    }

    ~D()
    {
      delete[] p;
      //never called, so p causes a memory leak
    }

    char *p;
};

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{

    B *p;
    try
    {
        p = new D();
    }
    catch(...)
    {

    }


    return 0;
}

Protected/Private constructors with CreateInstance method:

Another way around this is to make your constructor private or protected and make a CreateInstance method that can return errors.