functional programming: immutable data structure efficiency

Question

I don\'t understand, how FP compilers make the code dealing with immutable data structures fast, not blow up stack, etc.

For example, insert operation in tree, it ha

Answer 1

The compiler won't really optimize this, it is something you have to program for specifically when coding. Techniques for doing this are explained in the excellent Purely Functional Data Structures (book, thesis).

Answer 2

If the garbage collector is doing its job, the older copies of the data structure will be reclaimed when they're no longer being used.

Answer 3

Take a look at the Zipper data structure.

Answer 4

You don't have to copy the whole tree to make a change; you can share most of the structure. See e.g. the diagrams in this blog, or this talk by Rich Hickey on Clojure (see discussion of hash tries about halfway through).